A 6 month baby c/o - greenish watery stool 3 to 4 time /day kindly suggest Rx.

6 days old, dark yellowish stool,pallor+ pls suggest Rx nd Dx

Dear drs indentify this tree and its uses. Hint. _a very old well known since Ramayana ages.

Bacillary Dysentery Shigellosis is an infectious disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella that causes bacterial dysentery. These bacterium cause disease by penetrating the lining of the large intestine, causing swelling and sores. This causes diarrhoea, fever, and stomach cramps 1-2 days after initial exposure. Pathogenesis of shigella The Shigella germ is actually a family of bacteria that can cause diarrhoea in humans. They are microscopic living creatures that pass from person to person. There are several different kinds of Shigella bacteria: Shigella sonnei, accounts for over two-thirds of the shigellosis in the United States. A second type, Shigella flexneri, accounts for almost all of the rest. Other types of Shigella (such as Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella boydii. Shigella in stool sample Epidemiology On a global scale, of the estimated 165 million Shigella diarrhoeal episodes estimated to occur each year, 99% occur in developing countries, mainly in children. In 1999, a systematic review reported Shigella to be responsible for 1.1 million deaths per year, 61% of which in children less than 5 years of age, based on prevalence in diarrhoea cases and limited data on case-fatality rates amongst hospitalised children. In 2013, these estimates were revised using a similar modelling strategy, but with updated mortality risk data, suggesting between 28,000 and 48,000 deaths annually amongst children under 5 years due to Shigellosis. In 2016, a quantitative molecular analysis from the Global Enteric Multicentre Study (GEMS) identified an increased burden of Shigellosis and reported it as the leading pathogen among the top six attributable pathogens causing childhood diarrhoea. The GEMS data and consideration of the indirect risks of malnutrition arising in relation to diarrhoeal episodes may lead to further revisions of Shigella-attributable mortality estimates. Shigellosis occurs predominantly in developing countries due to overcrowding and poor sanitation. Infants, non-breast fed children, children recovering from measles, malnourished children, and adults older than 50 years have a more severe illness and a greater risk of death. History Medical writers have described dysentery or “the flux” since ancient times, but the bacterial form of the disease was not clearly distinguished until late in the nineteenth century. Dysentery ravaged Persian armies invading Greece in 480 B.C., and the disease has always been a companion of armies, often proving more destructive than enemy action. This disease was, and remains, common among both rural and urban poor people around the world. An epidemic of what must have been shigellosis swept France in 1779, causing especially severe damage in some rural areas of the western part of the country. Troop movements for a planned invasion of England helped spread the disease. At least 175,000 people died, with some 45,000 deaths in Brittany alone. Children constituted the majority of the fatalities. During the U.S. Civil War, Union soldiers had annual morbidity rates of 876 per 1,000 from dysentery, and annual mortality rates of 10 per 1,000. Dysentery outbreaks were problems for all belligerents in World War I, especially in the Gallipoli and Mesopotamian campaigns. Japanese bacteriologist Kiyoshi Shiga isolated S. dysenteriae in 1898 and confirmed its role as a pathogen. The other species were discovered early in the twentieth century, and much re-search has been directed to immunologic studies of various strains. The role of Campylobacter species as common human pathogens has been recognized only since the 1970’s. What Causes Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis)? The shigella bacillus, a bacterium that invades the lining of the colon, is one of several infections that can cause dysentery. Other causes of dysentery include the parasite amoeba and the bacteria coli, Yersinia, and others. The shigella bacillus is typically spread via contact with the fecal matter of an infected person. Failure to wash the hands thoroughly after a bowel movement may help to transmit shigellosis. Flies may spread the bacteria from feces (more common in areas with poor sanitation.) Contaminated food or water may spread infection. Risk factors Being a toddler. Shigella infection is most common in children between the ages of 2 and 4. Living in group housing or participating in group activities. Close contact with other people spreads the bacteria from person to person. Shigella outbreaks are more common in child care centers, community wading pools, nursing homes, jails and military barracks. Living or traveling in areas that lack sanitation. People who live or travel in developing countries are more likely to contract shigella infection. Being a sexually active gay male. Men who have sex with men are at higher risk because of direct or indirect oral-anal contact. Symptoms The main symptom of dysentery is frequent near-liquid diarrhea flecked with blood, mucus, or pus. Other symptoms include: Sudden onset of high fever and chills Abdominal pain Cramps and bloating Flatulence (passing gas) Urgency to pass stool Feeling of incomplete emptying Loss of appetite Weight loss Headache Fatigue Vomiting Dehydration Other symptoms may be intermittent and may include recurring low fevers, abdominal cramps, increased gas, and milder and firmer diarrhea You may feel weak and anemic, or lose weight over a prolonged period Bacillary dysentery symptoms begin within 2 to 10 days of infection. In children, the illness starts with fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. Episodes of diarrhea may increase to as much as once an hour with blood, mucus, and pus in the child’s stool. Vomiting may result in rapid and severe dehydration, which may lead to shock and death if not treated. Signs of dehydration include an extremely dry mouth, sunken eyes, and poor skin tone. Children and infants will be thirsty, restless, irritable, and possibly lethargic. Children may also have sunken eyes and may not be able to produce tears or urine, the latter appearing very dark and concentrated. Complications Complications are uncommon but may include the following: Dehydration and electrolyte disturbance may occur. Occasionally where not rectified, this can have fatal consequences. Infants, the elderly and those with immunological compromise are more likely to have more severe disease and to require admission to hospital for rehydration. Pregnant women are also more at risk of dehydration. Bacteraemia is more common in malnourished children and carries a high mortality. Seizures may occur in young children and are common where there is fever. Rectal prolapse. In this condition, straining during bowel movements may cause the mucous membrane or lining of the rectum to move out through the anus. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome may (rarely) complicate infections, usually those with dysenteriae and mostly affecting young children or the elderly. It is more commonly a complication of E. coli O157 and leads to haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and acute kidney injury. Reactive arthritis (or Reiter’s syndrome when arthritis is combined with uveitis and urethritis) can occur. It is most common in men aged 20-40 and with the HLA-B27 antigen. This is most often associated with flexneri infection. Toxic megacolon is occasionally a complication of dysenteriae. Diagnosis of Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis) Dysentery is distinguished from more routine causes of infectious diarrhea by the presence of blood. Physical examination and patient history are needed. Stool samples are taken for examination under a microscope and for a laboratory culture to confirm the presence of the shigella Colonoscopy to examine the bowels may be performed. Blood tests may be taken to look for electrolyte (essential mineral salt) abnormalities or anemia. How to Treat Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis) A solution of electrolytes (such as sodium and potassium) and fluids may be administered to treat dehydration, although water or other beverages are usually sufficient. In severe cases, fluids must be replaced intravenously. While waiting to see a doctor, prevent dehydration by drinking sports drinks, like Gatorade, or a solution of one teaspoon salt and four teaspoons sugar in one quart of water. It is important to measure accurately: Too much salt may worsen dehydration. Drink one pint each hour while diarrhea persists. The following antibiotics are used to treat Shigella dysentery: Beta-lactams: Ampicillin, amoxicillin, third-generation cephalosporins (cefixime, ceftriaxone), and pivmecillinam (not available in the United States) Quinolones: Nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin Macrolides: Azithromycin Others: sulfonamides, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, and furazolidone. Do not take over-the-counter antidiarrheal medications unless otherwise instructed by your doctor. Diarrhea helps rid the body of infectious organisms. Although the infection often clears on its own, antibiotics are often given to limit its transmission. These must be taken for the full term prescribed. Isolation from others is required to prevent spread of the disease. Preventive Measures Ensuring the availability of safe drinking water Protect drinking water or boil drinking water for 20 minutes if it is suspected to be a source of infection. Control flies by screening of doorways and windows, by eliminating fly breeding areas, and by the proper use of insecticides. Safe handling and processing of food, including appropriate refrigeration and proper cooking of potentially infected foods Control of flies in food handling areas Encouragement of breastfeeding of infants Hand washing with soap and water Safely disposing of human waste Voluntary removal of persons with diarrhea from roles as food handlers For symptomatic patients, not using recreational water venues (e.g., swimming pools, water parks) or sharing a bath with others until 48 hours after symptoms resolve The most important prevention measure in child care facilities is supervised hand washing after toileting and before eating/preparing food. Hand washing upon arrival provides additional protection Education about how enteric bacteria are spread, including practices to avoid or reduce the risk for sexual transmission of enteric infections Cases abstaining from sexual behavior that is likely to transmit infection during their illness. MSM should avoid direct oral-anal sexual contact especially if sex partners are ill or if there are community outbreaks of enteric infection.

9month baby with watery stools 12-15times a day, should one give antibiotic ,how long should one wait?

Goldenseal: A Natural Antibiotic & Cancer Fighter Goldenseal is one of the five top-selling herbal products in the U.S. Native Americans historically used goldenseal for various health concerns including skin diseases, ulcer symptoms and gonorrhea. Today’s traditional uses of goldenseal have broadened to include the natural treatment and prevention of colds , respiratory tract infections, allergies , eye infections, digestive issues, canker sores, vaginitis, urinary tract infections and even cancer. Goldenseal contains berberine , which has been been proven to be antimicrobial , anti-tumor , anti-inflammatory and blood glucose–lowering . Goldenseal has also gained popularity after a rumor spread that taking the herb can help block a positive test for illegal drugs. However, there is no scientific evidence that has proven this rumor to be correct. Yet fortunately there is research to support the medicinal use of goldenseal. What Is Goldenseal? Goldenseal ( Hydrastis canadensis), also known as orange root, yellow root or yellow puccoon, is a perennial herb belonging to the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae . It is a low, sprawling plant native to the rich, shady soil of the deciduous forests of North America growing from southern Quebec to northern Georgia and west to Missouri. Due to overharvesting, goldenseal is now mostly commercially grown on farms in the U.S. Goldenseal plants have hairy stems with jagged five to seven lobed leaves and small white flowers that turn into raspberry-like red berries. The bitter tasting roots of the goldenseal plant are bright yellow or brown, twisted and wrinkled. The dried underground stems (rhizomes) and roots of the goldenseal plant are used to make teas, liquid extracts, tablets, and capsules as well as natural skin care products. Goldenseal’s potent properties are primarily due to the alkaloids berberine , canadine and hydrastine. These phytochemical alkaloids produce a powerful astringent effect on mucous membranes, reduce disease-causing inflammation and have antiseptic effects. 5 Health Benefits of Goldenseal 1. Improves Digestive Issues Goldenseal is an excellent digestive aid since it is very bitter, which stimulates the appetite, aids digestion and encourages bile secretion. Goldenseal contains berberine, which has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years to treat dysentery and infectious diarrhea. This is not surprising since the berberine in goldenseal has shown antimicrobial activity against certain pathogens that cause bacterial diarrhea, including E. coli and V. cholera . Goldenseal can also be helpful to people experiencing small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) symptoms . Current conventional treatment of SIBO is limited to oral antibiotics with inconsistent success. The objective of a study published by Global Advances in Health and Medicine was to determine the remission rate of SIBO using an antibiotic versus an herbal remedy. It found that the herbal treatment, which included berberine, worked just as well as antibiotic treatment and was equally safe. Some people also use goldenseal for stomach swelling (gastritis), peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis , diarrhea, constipation, hemorrhoids and intestinal gas. Another impressive study found that among several herbs tested in vitro, goldenseal extract was the most active in inhibiting the growth of H. pylori, a type of bacteria which can lead to gastritis, ulcers and even stomach cancer. Goldenseal truly treats a wide range of problems when it comes to the gastrointestinal system. 2. Natural Antibiotic & Immune System Booster Goldenseal is often found in herbal remedies for allergies, colds, and the flu because of its natural antibiotic and immune-boosting capabilities. One study found that goldenseal might help boost white blood cells, which is a measure of the infection-fighting ability of the immune system. Scientific research also suggests that medicinal plants like goldenseal and echinacea may enhance immune function by increasing antigen-specific antibody production. A product containing goldenseal and echinacea is an awesome natural bronchitis remedy . Additionally, research at the University of Texas-Houston Medical School has shown goldenseal’s medicinal effectiveness as an immune stimulant may be due to its ability to reduce the pro-inflammatory response, which indirectly leads to the limiting of clinical symptoms during infection. Goldenseal is also recommended to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) , which are caused by bacterial overgrowth in the bladder’s interior walls. The berberine in goldenseal actually prevents the E. coli from binding to urinary tract walls. 3. Fights Cancer According to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , the berberine in goldenseal has been found to induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells in multiple studies . One in vitro study found that berberine inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells to a greater extent than doxorubicin (a chemotherapy drug). In another study, berberine alkaloids produced an average of 91% tumor inhibition against 6 malignant brain tumor cell lines both in vivo in mice and in vitro against human brain tumors. Berberine alkaloids were also shown to have potent cancer cell killing activity against tumor cells. Research has also been performed on a series of human malignant brain tumor cells and rat brain tumor cells in which berberine was used alone at a dose of 150 mcg/ml and had an average cancer cell kill rate of 91% . In contrast, the chemotherapy drug carmustine had a cell kill rate of only 43%. The rats treated with berberine at 10 mg/kg had an 81% kill rate. Research will continue, but so far goldenseal is being shown to hold some serious anti-cancer abilities. 4. Aids Eye & Mouth Problems Goldenseal is also commonly used as a mouthwash for sore throats, gum complaints, and canker sores (small ulcers in the mouth). For any of these concerns, goldenseal mouth rinse can help by reducing inflammation and getting rid of any nasty bacteria. You can purchase a mouthwash that already contains goldenseal or you can easily make some goldenseal mouthwash at home. Simply make a cup of goldenseal tea and let it cool down before using it to rinse your mouth. Or you can add five drops of liquid goldenseal extract to eight ounces of warm water with a teaspoon of salt and mix well. Goldenseal has been utilized as an eyewash for eye inflammation and eye infections like conjunctivitis or “pink eye.” Since the use of goldenseal in the eyes is somewhat controversial, consult a health practitioner before using goldenseal in this way. 5. Boosts Heart Health The cardiovascular effects of the berberine found in goldenseal suggest its possible clinical usefulness in the treatment of arrhythmias and/or heart failure . For this reason, goldenseal is believed to possibly be helpful for chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) and heart function in general. A 2006 study demonstrated that the root extract of goldenseal is highly effective in regulation of the liver’s LDL (“bad cholesterol) receptors and in reducing plasma cholesterol. Overall, the findings identified goldenseal as a natural LDL-lowering agent . In combination with a healthy diet and lifestyle, goldenseal can help to lower cholesterol naturally . Berberine also helps heart health by helping to keep blood sugar levels under control and obesity in check, both of which can raise the risk of coronary heart disease . Berberine also stimulates the release of nitric oxide, a signaling molecule that relaxes the arteries, increases blood flow, reduces blood pressure and protects against arteriosclerosis. Goldenseal History & Interesting Facts Goldenseal gets its name from the golden-yellow scars that form on the base of the stem when it is broken. The scars resemble a gold wax letter seal hence the name goldenseal. It has been said that the powers of goldenseal were first introduced to European settlers by Native Americans, who harvested its rhizomes and roots to treat a variety of health complaints including eye, skin and digestive issues. Native Americans also mixed goldenseal with bear grease for use as an insect repellent and they used the color-rich roots to dye clothing. Goldenseal has become one of the top selling herbs of North America. In Canada, there are currently around 40 over-the-counter drugs containing goldenseal or its active ingredients in the form of elixirs, tablets, capsules, or suppositories. Health products combining goldenseal and echinacea are very common and are created with immune system enhancement in mind. Despite rumors, goldenseal will not cause a false-negative result for marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or any other illegal drugs. The idea of using goldenseal to alter drug test results came from the novel Stringtown on the Pike , by the pharmacist John Uri Lloyd. However, in this book, goldenseal caused a false-positive for strychnine (a poison), not illegal drugs, in a murder case. Possible Side Effects of Goldenseal Goldenseal is considered safe for short-term use in adults at recommended dosages. Rare side effects may include nausea and/or vomiting. Discontinue use of goldenseal if any negative reactions like these occur. Goldenseal is not meant for long-term use. If you are currently taking any prescription or over-the-counter medications or have any health issues, check with your doctor before taking goldenseal. People with high blood pressure, liver disease, or heart disease should consult their healthcare provider before taking goldenseal. Goldenseal is not suggested for use in children or infants. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should also avoid using goldenseal. Recommended Use of Goldenseal Goldenseal can easily be found in tea or supplement form at your local health store or online. Depending on which goldenseal product you purchase, make sure to read the label for each brand’s recommended dosage. For powdered goldenseal root and rhizome, 4–6 grams per day in tablet or capsule form is sometimes recommended. For liquid herbal extracts, a typical recommended dosage is 2 milliliters (40 drops) in 2 ounces of water or juice 3-5 times per day. Continuous use of goldenseal should not exceed three weeks, with a break of at least two weeks between each use. You can also talk to your health practitioner about what amount of goldenseal would be best for you and your particular health concern(s). Goldenseal is best taken internally between meals. For external use of goldenseal, there is no standard recommended dosage, but read the label of the topical goldenseal product for instructions. Most likely, it will recommend that you use the product on the area of concern at least once a day.