According to the World Health Organization , waterborne diseases account for an estimated 3.6% of the total DALY (disability- adjusted life year) global burden of disease , and cause about 1.5 million human deaths annually. The World Health Organization estimates that 58% of that burden, or 842,000 deaths per year, is attributable to a lack of safe drinking water supply, sanitation and hygiene (summarized as WASH ). [1] Overview The term waterborne disease is reserved largely for infections that predominantly are transmitted through contact with or consumption of infected water. Trivially, many infections may be transmitted by microbes or parasites that accidentally, possibly as a result of exceptional circumstances, have entered the water, but the fact that there might be an occasional freak infection need not mean that it is useful to categorise the resulting disease as "waterborne". Nor is it common practice to refer to diseases such as malaria as "waterborne" just because mosquitoes have aquatic phases in their life cycles, or because treating the water they inhabit happens to be an effective strategy in control of the mosquitoes that are the vectors . Microorganisms causing diseases that characteristically are waterborne prominently include protozoa and bacteria , many of which are intestinal parasites , or invade the tissues or circulatory system through walls of the digestive tract. Various other waterborne diseases are caused by viruses . (In spite of philosophical difficulties associated with defining viruses as " organisms ", it is practical and convenient to regard them as microorganisms in this connection.) Yet other important classes of water- borne diseases are caused by metazoan parasites. Typical examples include certain Nematoda , that is to say "roundworms". As an example of water-borne Nematode infections, one important waterborne nematodal disease is Dracunculiasis . It is acquired by swallowing water in which certain copepoda occur that act as vectors for the Nematoda. Anyone swallowing a copepod that happens to be infected with Nematode larvae in the genus Dracunculus , becomes liable to infection. The larvae cause guinea worm disease . [2] Another class of waterbornemetazoan pathogens are certain members of the Schistosomatidae , a family of blood flukes . They usually infect victims that make skin contact with the water. [2] Blood flukes are pathogens that cause Schistosomiasis of various forms, more or less seriously affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. [3] Long before modern studies had established the germ theory of disease , or any advanced understanding of the nature of water as a vehicle for transmitting disease, traditional beliefs had cautioned against the consumption of water, rather favouring processed beverages such as beer , wine and tea . For example, in the camel caravans that crossed Central Asia along the Silk Road , the explorer Owen Lattimore noted, "The reason we drank so much tea was because of the bad water. Water alone, unboiled, is never drunk. There is a superstition that it causes blisters on the feet." [4] Socioeconomic impact Waterborne diseases can have a significant impact on the economy, locally as well as internationally. People who are infected by a waterborne disease are usually confronted with related costs and not seldom with a huge financial burden. This is especially the case in less developed countries. The financial losses are mostly caused by e.g. costs for medical treatment and medication, costs for transport, special food, and by the loss of manpower. Many families must even sell their land to pay for treatment in a proper hospital. On average, a family spends about 10% of the monthly households income per person infected. [5] Infections by type of pathogen Protozoan Disease and Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms Amoebiasis (hand-to-mouth) Protozoan ( Entamoeba histolytica ) (Cyst-like appearance) Sewage , non- treated drinking water , flies in water supply, saliva transfer (if the other person has the disease) Abdominal discomfort, fatigue , weight loss, diarrhea , bloating , fever Cryptosporidiosis (oral) Protozoan ( Cryptosporidium parvum ) Collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfected , animal manure , seasonalrunoff of water. Flu-like symptoms , watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating , increased gas, nausea Cyclosporiasis Protozoan parasite ( Cyclospora cayetanensis ) Sewage , non- treated drinking water cramps , nausea, vomiting , muscle aches, fever, and fatigue Giardiasis (fecal- oral) (hand-to- mouth) Protozoan ( Giardia lamblia ) Most common intestinal parasite Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, groundwater contamination, campgrounds where humans and wildlife use same source of water. Beavers and muskrats createponds that act as reservoirsfor Giardia. Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating , and flatulence Microsporidiosis Protozoan phylum ( Microsporidia ), but closely related to fungi Encephalitozoon intestinalis has been detected in groundwater , the origin of drinking water [6] Diarrhea and wasting in immunocompromised individuals. Bacterial Disease and Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms Botulism Clostridium botulinum Bacteria can enter an open wound from contaminated water sources. Can enter the gastrointestinal tract through consumption of contaminated drinking water or (more commonly) food Dry mouth, blurred and/or double vision , difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, slurred speech, vomiting and sometimes diarrhea . Death is usually caused by respiratory failure . Campylobacteriosis Most commonly caused by Campylobacter jejuni Drinking water contaminated with feces Produces dysentery like symptoms along with a high fever . Usually lasts 2–10 days. Cholera Spread by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae Drinking water contaminated with the bacterium In severe forms it is known to be one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. Symptoms include very watery diarrhea, nausea , cramps , nosebleed , rapid pulse , vomiting, and hypovolemic shock (in severe cases), at which point death can occur in 12–18 hours. E. coli Infection Certain strains of Escherichia coli (commonly E. coli ) Water contaminated with the bacteria Mostly diarrhea. Can cause death in immunocompromised individuals, the very young, and the elderly due to dehydration from prolonged illness. M. marinum infection Mycobacterium marinum Naturally occurs in water, most cases from exposure in swimming poolsor more frequently aquariums ; rare infection since it mostly infects immunocompromised individuals Symptoms include lesions typically located on the elbows, knees, and feet (from swimming pools ) or lesions on the hands ( aquariums ). Lesions may be painless or painful. Dysentery Caused by a number of species in the genera Shigella and Salmonella with the most common being Shigella dysenteriae Water contaminated with the bacterium Frequent passage of feces with blood and/ or mucus and in some cases vomiting of blood. Legionellosis(two distinct forms: Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever) Caused by bacteria belonging to genus Legionella (90% of cases caused by Legionella pneumophila ) Legionella is a very common organism that reproduces to high numbers in warm water; [7] but only causes severe disease when aerosolized. [8] Pontiac fever produces milder symptoms resembling acute influenza without pneumonia . Legionnaires' disease has severe symptoms such as fever , chills , pneumonia (with cough that sometimes produces sputum ), ataxia , anorexia , muscle aches, malaiseand occasionally diarrhea and vomiting Leptospirosis Caused by bacterium of genus Leptospira Water contaminated by the animal urine carrying the bacteria Begins with flu-like symptoms then resolves. The second phase then occurs involving meningitis , liver damage (causes jaundice ), and renal failure Otitis Externa (swimmer's ear) Caused by a number of bacterial and fungal species. Swimming in water contaminated by the responsible pathogens Ear canal swells, causing pain and tenderness to the touch Salmonellosis Caused by many bacteria of genus Salmonella Drinking water contaminated with the bacteria. More common as a food borne illness . Symptoms include diarrhea , fever , vomiting, and abdominal cramps Typhoid fever Salmonella typhi Ingestion of water contaminated with feces of an infected person Characterized by sustained fever up to 40 °C (104 °F), profusesweating ; diarrhea may occur. Symptoms progress to delirium , and the spleen and liver enlarge if untreated. In this case it can last up to four weeks and cause death. Some people with typhoid fever develop a rash called "rose spots", small red spots on the abdomen and chest. Vibrio Illness Vibrio vulnificus , Vibrio alginolyticus , and Vibrio parahaemolyticus Can enter wounds from contaminated water. Also acquired by drinking contaminated water or eating undercooked oysters . Symptoms include abdominal tenderness, agitation, bloody stools, chills, confusion, difficulty paying attention (attention deficit), delirium, fluctuating mood, hallucination, nosebleeds, severe fatigue, slow, sluggish, lethargic feeling, weakness. [9][10] Viral Disease and Transmission Viral Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms SARS(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) Coronavirus Manifests itself in improperly treated water Symptoms include fever , myalgia , lethargy , gastrointestinal symptoms , cough , and sore throat Hepatitis A Hepatitis A virus (HAV) Can manifest itself in water (and food) Symptoms are only acute (no chronic stage to the virus) and include Fatigue , fever, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, itching, jaundice and depression . Poliomyelitis (Polio) Poliovirus Enters water through the feces of infected individuals 90-95% of patients show no symptoms, 4-8% have minor symptoms (comparatively) with delirium , headache , fever , and occasional seizures , and spastic paralysis , 1% have symptoms of non- paralytic aseptic meningitis . The rest have serious symptoms resulting in paralysisor death Polyomavirus infection Two of Polyomavirus : JC virus and BK virus Very widespread, can manifest itself in water, ~80% of the population has antibodies to Polyomavirus BK virus produces a mild respiratory infection and can infect the kidneys of immunosuppressed transplantpatients. JC virus infects the respiratory system , kidneys or can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the brain (which is fatal). [6][11] Algal Disease and Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms Desmodesmus infection desmodesmus
Highly informative article.
Informative Update....
informative article sir
Very good article dr
Highly informative article
Very informative
Good post
उपयोगी जानकारी दी गई है धन्यवाद देता हूं।
Thanks Informative post
Thankyou Doctor for your valuable information... immune system mental and physical should be very strong to fight any foreign invader
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V v v important DRUGS OF CHOICE ---------------------------------- 1. Paracetamol poisoning- :- - acetyl cysteine 2. acute bronchial- asthma :- salbutamol 3. acute gout :- NSAIDS 4. acute hyperkalemia:- calcium gluconate 5. severe DIGITALIS toxicity :- DIGIBIND 6. acute migraine :- sumatriptan 7. cheese reaction :- phentolamine 8. atropine poisoning :- physostigmine 9. cyanide poisoning :- amyl nitrite 10. benzodiazepine poisoning:- flumazenil 11. cholera :- tetracycline 12. KALA-AZAR :- lipozomal amphotericin- B 13. iron poisoning :- desferrioxamine 14. MRSA :- vancomycin 15. VRSA :- LINEZOLID 16. warfarin overdose :- vitamin-K (NIPER- 2009) 17. OCD :- fluoxetine 18. alcohol poisoning :- fomepizole 19.Epilepsy in pregnancy: carbamezepine safe among older epileptics & lamotrigine, levitracetam safe in newer AED! 20. anaphylactic shock :- Adrenaline 21. MRSA Infection-Vancomycin 22. Malaria in Pregnancy-Chloroquine 23. Whooping Cough or Perteusis- Erythromycin 24. Kawasaki disease-IV Ig 25. Warferin Overdose-Vit-K 26. Heparin Overdose-Protamine 27. Hairy Cell Leukemia-Cladirabine 28. Multiple Myeloma- Melphalan 29. CML-Imatinib 30. Wegner's granulomatosis-Cyclophosphamide 31. HOCM- Propranolol 32. Delirium Tremens-Diazepam 33. Drug Induced Parkinsonism-Benzhexol 34. Diacumarol Poisoning-Vit-K 35. Type-1 Lepra Reaction-Steroids 36. Type- 2 Lepra Reaction-Thalidomide 37. Allergic Contect Dermatitis-Steroids 38. PSVT- 1st-Adenosine, 2nd-Verapamil, 3rd-Digoxin 39. Z-E Syndrome- Proton Pump Inhibitor 40. Chancroid-Cotrimoxazole 41. Dermatitis Herpetiformis-Dapsone 42. Spastic Type of Cerebral Palsy-Diazepam 43. Herpis Simplex Keratitis-Trifluridine 44. Herpes Simplex Orolabialis-Pancyclovir 45. Neonatal Herpes Simplex-Acyclovir 46. Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia-Cotrimoxazole For Nodulo 47. 47. Cystic Acne-Retinoic acid 48. Trigeminal Neuralgia-Carbamezapine 49. Actinomycosis-Penicillin 50. Plague- Streptomycin 51. Opioid Withdrawal- Methadone 2nd-Clonidine 52. Alcohol Withdrawal- Chlordiazepoxide 2nd-Diazepam 53. Post Herpetic Neuralgia- Fluphenazine 54. WEST Syndrome-ACTH 55. Diabetic Diarrhoea- Clonidine 56. Lithium Induced Neuropathy-AmilorideCommunicable Disease: 57. Tetanus: PEN G Na; TETRACYCLINE; (DIAZEPAM 58. Diphteria: PEN G K; ERYTHROMYCIN 59. Pertusis: ERYTHROMYCIN; AMPICILLIN 60. Meningitis: MANNITOL (osmotic diuretic);DEXAM ETHASONE (anti-inflammatory); DILANTIN/PHENYTOIN (anti-convulsive); PYRETINOL/ENCEPHABO L (CNS stimulant) 61. Cholera: TETRACYCLINE 62. Amoebic Dysentery: METRONIDAZOLE 63. Shigellosis: CO-TRIMOXAZOLE 64. Typhoid: CHORAMPHENICOL 65. Rabies: LYSSAVAC, VERORAB 66. Immunoglobulins: ERIG or HRIg 67. Malaria: CHLOROQUINE 68. Schistosomiasis: PRAZIQUANTEL 69. Felariasis: DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE CITRATE 70. Scabies: EURAX/ CROTAMITON 71. Chicken pox: ACYCLOVIR/ZOVIRAX 72. Leptospirosis: PENICILLIN; TETRACYCLINE;ER YTHROMYCIN 73. Leprosy: DAPSONE, RIFAMPICIN 74. Anthrax: PENICILLIN 75. Tuberculosis: R.I.P.E.S. 76. Pneumonia: COTRIMOXAZOLE; ProcainePenicillin 77. Helminths: MEBENDAZOLE; PYRANTELPAMOATE 78. Meningitis: MANNITOL (dec. ICP) ;DEXAMETHASONE ( relieve cerebral edema) ;DIAZEPAM ( anticonvulsant); PENICILLIN 79. Syphilis: PENICILLIN 80. Gonorrhea: PENICILLIN...
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