What are mudcles of front of leg ?

SIRENOMELIA / MERMAID SYNDROME / SIRENOMELIA SYNDROME : SIRENOMELIA/ MERMAID SYNDROME IS AN EXTREMELY RARE CONGENITAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER CHARACTERISED BY ANOMALIES OF THE LOWER SPINE AND LOWER LIMBS. ADDITIONAL MALFORMATIONS CAN OCCUR INCLUDING GENITOURINARY ABNORMALITIES, GASTROINTESTINAL ABNORMALITIES, ANOMALIES OF THE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE AND PELVIS AND AGENESIS OF ONE OR BOTH KIDNEYS. PATHOGENESIS : Although the primary molecular defect resulting in sirenomelia remains unclear, two main pathogenic hypothesis namely THE VASCULAR STEAL HYPOTHESIS & THE DEFECTIVE BLASTOGENESIS HYPOTHESIS are proposed. According to the VASCULAR STEAL HYPOTHESIS , fusion of the lower limbs results from a deficient blood flow and nutrient supply to the caudal modern , which in turn results in agenesis of midline structures and subsequent abnormal approximation of both lower limbs. IN DEFECTIVE BLASTOGENESIS HYPOTHESIS, the primary defect in development of caudal mesoderm is attributed to a teratogenic event during the gastrulation stageSuch a defect interferes with the formation of notochord, resulting in abnormal development of caudal structures. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS. 1 ) Fused legs or absent foot structures. 2 ) Unilateral or bilateral renal agenesis. 3 ) Vertebral / spine abnormalities. 4 ) Absence of external genitilia. 5 ) Underdeveloped reproductive system. 6 ) Cardiomegaly. 7 ) Immature / abnormal lungs. 8 ) Absence of bladder, small and large intestines and other organs. 9 ) Urethral agenesis. Genitourinary and gastrointestinal malformations are seen. PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS : Severe oligohydramnios, renal agenesis, congenital heart defects, skeletal abnormalities, single umbilical artery, absence of external genitilia, urethra and anus , single lower extremity . CLASSIFICATION OF SIRENOMELIA : CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO STOCKER & HEIFETZ 1987. Classified according to the presence of skeletal elements in the thigh and leg. TYPE I : All thigh and leg bones present. TYPE II : Single fibula. TYPE III: Absent fibula. TYPE IV : Partially fused femurs, fused fibulae. TYPE V : Partially fused femurs. TYPE VI : Single femur, single tibia. TYPE VII: Single femur and absent tibia. Another classification is based on the presence or absence of feet. SYMPUS DIPUS/ SYMMELIA: two feet are present. SYMPUS MONOPUS / UROMELIA : Only one foot is present. SYMPUS APUS : No evidence of any distal foot element. Here ,I would like to share a case of mine . 22 year old, G2 P1 L1 , First normal delivery and healthy alive baby. Non consanguinous marriage. Severe oligohydramnios, absent renal arteries, cardiomegaly and single umbilical artery are scan findings at 27 weeks. Terminated the pregnancy. Diagnosed as sirenomelia after delivery. This baby had the following FEATURES. 1 . Single lower extremity. 2 . Absent anus. 3 . Absent urethra. 4 . Absent external genitilia. 5 . Single umbilical artery . 6 . Single femur and tibia on X - Ray. 7 . Pelvis incomplete.

PRADER'S ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF VIRILIZATION. I Female external genitilia with clitoromegaly. II Clitoromegaly with partial labial fusion forming a funnel shaped urogenital sinus. III Increased phallic size with complete labioscrotal fusion forming a urogenital sinus with a single opening. IV Complete scrotal fusion with the opening of the urogenital sinus at the base of the phallus. V Normal male external genitilia.

2 Days baby Born by Normal Vaginal delivery Diagnosis and management please

What is the diagnosis in this patient who developed chest pain after coughing? A) Lung cancer B) Lung herniation C) Pneumothorax D) Pulmonary embolism E) Tuberculosis

M31. Cough with expectoration 15days Irregular fever 10days One bout of haemoptysis. left chest pain 10days