Chronic headache

6 year old girl, complaints of headach, abdominal pain with bloody stool and frequent constipation, fever since 20 days....CBC normal, widal normal, probable diagnosis??

Friends today I am discussing about a skin problem known as Candidiasis of the Skin (Cutaneous Candidiasis). What is candidiasis of the skin? Different types of bacteria and fungi live and grow on your skin. Most of them aren’t dangerous. Your body requires the majority of them to carry out normal functions. However, some can cause infections when they begin to multiply uncontrollably. The Candida fungus is one of these potentially harmful organisms. When an overgrowth of Candida develops on the skin, an infection can occur. This condition is known as candidiasis of the skin, or cutaneous candidiasis. Candidiasis of the skin often causes a red, itchy rash to form, most commonly in the folds of the skin. This rash may also spread to other areas of the body. While the symptoms are often bothersome, they can usually be treated with improved hygiene and antifungal creams or powders. The main symptom of candidiasis of the skin is a rash. The rash often causes redness and intense itching. In some cases, the infection can cause the skin to become cracked and sore. Blisters and pustules may also occur. The rash can affect various parts the body, but it’s most likely to develop in the folds of the skin. This includes areas in the armpits, in the groin, between the fingers, and under the breasts. Candida can also cause infections in the nails, edges of the nails, and corners of the mouth. Other conditions that may resemble candidiasis of the skin include: ringworm hives herpes diabetes-related skin conditions contact dermatitis seborrheic dermatitis eczema psoriasis What causes candidiasis of the skin? Candidiasis of the skin develops when the skin becomes infected with Candida. A small amount of Candida fungi naturally live on the skin. When this type of fungus begins to multiply uncontrollably, however, it can cause an infection. This may occur because of: warm weather tight clothing poor hygiene infrequent undergarment changes obesity the use of antibiotics that kill harmless bacteria that keep Candida under control the use of corticosteroids or other medications that affect the immune system a weakened immune system as a result of diabetes, pregnancy, or another medical condition incomplete drying of damp or wet skin Candida fungi thrive and grow in warm, moist areas. This is why the condition often affects areas where there are folds of skin. Babies can also develop candidiasis of the skin, especially on the buttocks. A diaper tends to provide an ideal environment for Candida. Candidiasis of the skin usually isn’t contagious. However, people with weakened immune systems may develop the condition after touching the skin of an infected person. Those with compromised immune systems are also more likely to develop a severe infection as a result of candidiasis. Your doctor will likely be able to make a diagnosis simply by performing a physical examination. During the exam, they’ll inspect the location of your rash and the appearance of your skin. Your doctor may also want to perform a skin culture before making a diagnosis of candidiasis of the skin. During a skin culture, your doctor will rub a cotton swab over the affected area and collect a skin sample. The sample will then be sent to a laboratory to be tested for the presence of Candida. Candidiasis of the skin can usually be prevented with home remedies, the most important of which is proper hygiene. Washing the skin regularly and drying the skin thoroughly can prevent the skin from becoming too moist. This is vital to keeping Candida infections at bay. There are many lifestyle changes you can make to both prevent and treat a candidiasis infection. Helpful tips Quickly change out of damp clothing, such as swimsuits or sweaty workout clothes. Change your socks and undergarments regularly. Wear loose-fitting clothing. Use gentle and scent-free soap on affected areas. Add probiotics to your diet. Reduce the amount of sugar in your diet. Since abnormal blood sugar levels can contribute to the development of Candida infections, keeping your blood sugar under control may also help relieve symptoms. You may be able to lower your blood sugar by reducing the amount of sugar in your diet and by exercising for 30 minutes at least three times per week. If you have diabetes, it’s important to continue following your doctor’s instructions as you may need to start receiving oral medications or an increased amount of insulin. In severe or persistent cases of candidiasis, your doctor may recommend using an antifungal cream or powder that can be applied to your skin. Over-the-counter antifungal creams that are often recommended include clotrimazole (Mycelex), miconazole (Monistat), and tioconazole (Vagistat). This type of treatment can kill Candida and reduce the spread of the infection. Your doctor may prescribe an antifungal cream such as nystatin or ketoconazole if the over-the-counter treatments aren’t effective. If the infection has already spread to areas inside your body, such as your throat or mouth, you may need to take an oral antifungal to get rid of it. Cutaneous candidiasis in babies Cutaneous candidiasis (or candidiasis present on skin, nails, or hair) is a common occurrence in infants and babies. Candidiasis-related diaper rash is one of the most frequently occurring candidiasis infections in babies. This rash is typically red with a well-defined border, and normally lasts more than three days. Treatment includes changing the infant’s diaper frequently and allowing them to wear loose-fitting clothes on top of the diaper. The antifungal nystatin may be prescribed. Oral thrush is another common occurrence in newborns and infants under 6 months old. Symptoms can include cracked skin in the corners of the mouth and whitish patches on the lips, tongue, or inside of the cheeks. Your doctor can prescribe an antifungal medication that’s applied to the infant’s mouth several times a day. If candidiasis infection is left untreated, it can enter the bloodstream and spread. See your doctor if you believe your baby has candidiasis. Cutaneous candidiasis in children Although healthy children have strong immune systems, a 2010 study found that the rate of topical fungal infections among children is increasing rapidly. Children sometimes develop candidiasis infections after receiving antibiotics that treat another condition. Children who suck their thumbs may be prone to developing candidiasis infections in or around their nail beds. If your child is 9 months or older and has reoccurring thrush or skin infections, this could point to an underlying health concern, such as HIV or another problem with the immune system. Older children with frequent or severe skin infections should also be tested for diabetes. Candidiasis of the skin usually goes away with treatment, and most people make a full recovery without complications. If treated, the candidiasis typically resolves within one to two weeks. Without prescription treatment, recovery can take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks, depending on the severity of the infection. Even with treatment, it is possible for the infection to return in the future. People with compromised immune systems, especially people who are undergoing chemotherapy and those with HIV or AIDS, are at a much higher risk of severe or life-threatening Candida infections. If you’re undergoing chemotherapy or you have HIV or AIDs and you develop severe throat pain, headache, or high fevers, you should see your doctor immediately. Some of the more effective natural topical remedies that may be used to treat a mild cutaneous Candida infection include apple cider vinegar, coconut oil, garlic, and tea tree oil. These are inexpensive, easy to use, and have minimal side effects. However, it’s always a good idea to test them out on a small area first to check for an allergic reaction or sensitivity. Since “good bacteria” help keep Candida in check, probiotics taken orally can be helpful in preventing and treating Candida infections, especially those caused by antibiotic use. Yogurts with “live and active cultures” contain probiotics that can be effective for this. The Candida cleanse is a special diet that severely restricts sugar, refined flour, grains, dairy products, alcohol, and processed foods. It allows mainly vegetables and herbs. There is no scientific evidence that the Candida cleanse is effective in treating cutaneous Candida infections. However, a less restrictive and more sustainable diet that limits sugar and processed foods can have many health benefits, including helping regulate your blood sugar and your weight. This can help reduce your risk of Candida overgrowth in and on your body. Just don’t overdo the limitations that a Candida cleanse diet encourages. Primary Homoeopathic Remedies Calcarea carbonica When this remedy is indicated, burning and itching feelings may occur both before and after the menstrual period. Discharge from vaginitis is milky and acrid or thick and yellow. A person who needs this remedy is often chilly and stout, has a craving for sweets, and is easily tired by exertion. Kreosotum This remedy is strongly indicated for vaginitis with watery, thin, unpleasant-smelling, very irritating discharge that makes the vulva swell and itch. Symptoms may be worse in the morning and worse when standing up. Infections are more likely to appear before the menstrual period or during pregnancy. Natrum muriaticum Vaginitis with discharge resembling egg-white, which itches and makes the vagina feel dry and irritated, is likely to respond to this remedy. A woman who needs this remedy often seems reserved, yet is very emotional inside. A craving for salt and a tendency to feel worse from being in the sun are other indications for Natrum muriaticum. Sepia If yeast infections cause vaginal discharge that is yellow and itchy, or white and curdlike, this remedy may be indicated. A woman needing Sepia often feels worn down and irritable, with cold extremities and and a weak or sagging feeling in the pelvic region. Discharge may be more profuse in the morning and increased by walking. Other Remedies Borax Yeast infections of the vagina with discharge resembling egg white, and a feeling that warm water is flowing out, suggest the use of this remedy. Vaginitis that responds to Borax usually appears midway between the menstrual periods. A person who needs this remedy is often nervous and very sensitive to noise. Kali bichromicum This remedy may be indicated in cases of vaginitis where discharge is yellow and tenacious, and makes the vulva itch and burn. Symptoms may be worse in the morning. The person feels better from resting and keeping warm. Pulsatilla When this remedy is indicated for yeast infections, symptoms may be changeable. A creamy white or yellowish discharge appears, which can be either bland or irritating. The vagina may feel sore, and the labia may itch or burn. The woman will be moody, possibly tearful, wanting a lot of attention and affection. This remedy is often helpful for vaginitis during pregnancy. Sulphur Discharge that looks yellowish, is offensive-smelling, and causes great burning and itching brings this remedy to mind. Symptoms may be aggravated by warmth and bathing.

11 yr old girl complains of fever since 1 week, severe headache over temporal region since 2 days on examination child is febrile,conscious,irritable,inconsalable other examination normal?

Bacillary Dysentery Shigellosis is an infectious disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella that causes bacterial dysentery. These bacterium cause disease by penetrating the lining of the large intestine, causing swelling and sores. This causes diarrhoea, fever, and stomach cramps 1-2 days after initial exposure. Pathogenesis of shigella The Shigella germ is actually a family of bacteria that can cause diarrhoea in humans. They are microscopic living creatures that pass from person to person. There are several different kinds of Shigella bacteria: Shigella sonnei, accounts for over two-thirds of the shigellosis in the United States. A second type, Shigella flexneri, accounts for almost all of the rest. Other types of Shigella (such as Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella boydii. Shigella in stool sample Epidemiology On a global scale, of the estimated 165 million Shigella diarrhoeal episodes estimated to occur each year, 99% occur in developing countries, mainly in children. In 1999, a systematic review reported Shigella to be responsible for 1.1 million deaths per year, 61% of which in children less than 5 years of age, based on prevalence in diarrhoea cases and limited data on case-fatality rates amongst hospitalised children. In 2013, these estimates were revised using a similar modelling strategy, but with updated mortality risk data, suggesting between 28,000 and 48,000 deaths annually amongst children under 5 years due to Shigellosis. In 2016, a quantitative molecular analysis from the Global Enteric Multicentre Study (GEMS) identified an increased burden of Shigellosis and reported it as the leading pathogen among the top six attributable pathogens causing childhood diarrhoea. The GEMS data and consideration of the indirect risks of malnutrition arising in relation to diarrhoeal episodes may lead to further revisions of Shigella-attributable mortality estimates. Shigellosis occurs predominantly in developing countries due to overcrowding and poor sanitation. Infants, non-breast fed children, children recovering from measles, malnourished children, and adults older than 50 years have a more severe illness and a greater risk of death. History Medical writers have described dysentery or “the flux” since ancient times, but the bacterial form of the disease was not clearly distinguished until late in the nineteenth century. Dysentery ravaged Persian armies invading Greece in 480 B.C., and the disease has always been a companion of armies, often proving more destructive than enemy action. This disease was, and remains, common among both rural and urban poor people around the world. An epidemic of what must have been shigellosis swept France in 1779, causing especially severe damage in some rural areas of the western part of the country. Troop movements for a planned invasion of England helped spread the disease. At least 175,000 people died, with some 45,000 deaths in Brittany alone. Children constituted the majority of the fatalities. During the U.S. Civil War, Union soldiers had annual morbidity rates of 876 per 1,000 from dysentery, and annual mortality rates of 10 per 1,000. Dysentery outbreaks were problems for all belligerents in World War I, especially in the Gallipoli and Mesopotamian campaigns. Japanese bacteriologist Kiyoshi Shiga isolated S. dysenteriae in 1898 and confirmed its role as a pathogen. The other species were discovered early in the twentieth century, and much re-search has been directed to immunologic studies of various strains. The role of Campylobacter species as common human pathogens has been recognized only since the 1970’s. What Causes Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis)? The shigella bacillus, a bacterium that invades the lining of the colon, is one of several infections that can cause dysentery. Other causes of dysentery include the parasite amoeba and the bacteria coli, Yersinia, and others. The shigella bacillus is typically spread via contact with the fecal matter of an infected person. Failure to wash the hands thoroughly after a bowel movement may help to transmit shigellosis. Flies may spread the bacteria from feces (more common in areas with poor sanitation.) Contaminated food or water may spread infection. Risk factors Being a toddler. Shigella infection is most common in children between the ages of 2 and 4. Living in group housing or participating in group activities. Close contact with other people spreads the bacteria from person to person. Shigella outbreaks are more common in child care centers, community wading pools, nursing homes, jails and military barracks. Living or traveling in areas that lack sanitation. People who live or travel in developing countries are more likely to contract shigella infection. Being a sexually active gay male. Men who have sex with men are at higher risk because of direct or indirect oral-anal contact. Symptoms The main symptom of dysentery is frequent near-liquid diarrhea flecked with blood, mucus, or pus. Other symptoms include: Sudden onset of high fever and chills Abdominal pain Cramps and bloating Flatulence (passing gas) Urgency to pass stool Feeling of incomplete emptying Loss of appetite Weight loss Headache Fatigue Vomiting Dehydration Other symptoms may be intermittent and may include recurring low fevers, abdominal cramps, increased gas, and milder and firmer diarrhea You may feel weak and anemic, or lose weight over a prolonged period Bacillary dysentery symptoms begin within 2 to 10 days of infection. In children, the illness starts with fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. Episodes of diarrhea may increase to as much as once an hour with blood, mucus, and pus in the child’s stool. Vomiting may result in rapid and severe dehydration, which may lead to shock and death if not treated. Signs of dehydration include an extremely dry mouth, sunken eyes, and poor skin tone. Children and infants will be thirsty, restless, irritable, and possibly lethargic. Children may also have sunken eyes and may not be able to produce tears or urine, the latter appearing very dark and concentrated. Complications Complications are uncommon but may include the following: Dehydration and electrolyte disturbance may occur. Occasionally where not rectified, this can have fatal consequences. Infants, the elderly and those with immunological compromise are more likely to have more severe disease and to require admission to hospital for rehydration. Pregnant women are also more at risk of dehydration. Bacteraemia is more common in malnourished children and carries a high mortality. Seizures may occur in young children and are common where there is fever. Rectal prolapse. In this condition, straining during bowel movements may cause the mucous membrane or lining of the rectum to move out through the anus. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome may (rarely) complicate infections, usually those with dysenteriae and mostly affecting young children or the elderly. It is more commonly a complication of E. coli O157 and leads to haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and acute kidney injury. Reactive arthritis (or Reiter’s syndrome when arthritis is combined with uveitis and urethritis) can occur. It is most common in men aged 20-40 and with the HLA-B27 antigen. This is most often associated with flexneri infection. Toxic megacolon is occasionally a complication of dysenteriae. Diagnosis of Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis) Dysentery is distinguished from more routine causes of infectious diarrhea by the presence of blood. Physical examination and patient history are needed. Stool samples are taken for examination under a microscope and for a laboratory culture to confirm the presence of the shigella Colonoscopy to examine the bowels may be performed. Blood tests may be taken to look for electrolyte (essential mineral salt) abnormalities or anemia. How to Treat Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis) A solution of electrolytes (such as sodium and potassium) and fluids may be administered to treat dehydration, although water or other beverages are usually sufficient. In severe cases, fluids must be replaced intravenously. While waiting to see a doctor, prevent dehydration by drinking sports drinks, like Gatorade, or a solution of one teaspoon salt and four teaspoons sugar in one quart of water. It is important to measure accurately: Too much salt may worsen dehydration. Drink one pint each hour while diarrhea persists. The following antibiotics are used to treat Shigella dysentery: Beta-lactams: Ampicillin, amoxicillin, third-generation cephalosporins (cefixime, ceftriaxone), and pivmecillinam (not available in the United States) Quinolones: Nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin Macrolides: Azithromycin Others: sulfonamides, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, and furazolidone. Do not take over-the-counter antidiarrheal medications unless otherwise instructed by your doctor. Diarrhea helps rid the body of infectious organisms. Although the infection often clears on its own, antibiotics are often given to limit its transmission. These must be taken for the full term prescribed. Isolation from others is required to prevent spread of the disease. Preventive Measures Ensuring the availability of safe drinking water Protect drinking water or boil drinking water for 20 minutes if it is suspected to be a source of infection. Control flies by screening of doorways and windows, by eliminating fly breeding areas, and by the proper use of insecticides. Safe handling and processing of food, including appropriate refrigeration and proper cooking of potentially infected foods Control of flies in food handling areas Encouragement of breastfeeding of infants Hand washing with soap and water Safely disposing of human waste Voluntary removal of persons with diarrhea from roles as food handlers For symptomatic patients, not using recreational water venues (e.g., swimming pools, water parks) or sharing a bath with others until 48 hours after symptoms resolve The most important prevention measure in child care facilities is supervised hand washing after toileting and before eating/preparing food. Hand washing upon arrival provides additional protection Education about how enteric bacteria are spread, including practices to avoid or reduce the risk for sexual transmission of enteric infections Cases abstaining from sexual behavior that is likely to transmit infection during their illness. MSM should avoid direct oral-anal sexual contact especially if sex partners are ill or if there are community outbreaks of enteric infection.

EMBELIA RIBES EMBELIA RIBES (Biranga) A children’s remedy; killer of worms; diarrhoea, dyspepsia and flatulence due to worms. Mind :- Morose; fretful; irritable. Head :- Headache with nausea, worse from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. Eyes :- Heaviness of upper eyelids, better washing with cold water. Burning sensation in upper eyelids with mild heaviness better washing with cold water. Nose :- Itching of the nostrils; picking of the nose. Coryza with discharge first thin and then turning to thick yellow, worse lying down, from cold bathing, with uneasiness in back of head and neck in the evening. Mouth :- Dry. Grinding of teeth. Tongue coated white in the posterior part. Throat :- Irritation in throat, better for hot drink. Stomach :- Excessive thirst. Distension; nausea; great hunger, soon after a meal. Abdomen :- Cramping pain in lower abdomen with ineffectual desire for stool and nausea. Griping pain around umbilicus with diarrhea, worse bending forward, pressure, movement; ameliorated by cold application after stool; with loss of appetite, fear of death and weakness. Pain in whole abdomen, better after stool. Pain in abdomen with flatulence, better for pressure; thirst increased. Constant passing of flatus. Rectum :- Stool constipated, hard, insufficient. Constipation with headache. No urge for stool with frequent thirst for small quantity. Diarrhoea; thin, yellowish, offensive stool; ineffectual urging with nausea and thirstlessness. Stool loose, watery, profuse with fishy odor ameliorated rest, open air. Griping pain in abdomen and increased thirst. Passes undigested stool. Itching. Expulsion of worms. Urinary :- Pungent and red coloured. Respiratory :- Dry cough with hoarseness. Chest :- Pain, aching right side. Back :- Backache lower part, worse movement. Sleep :- Disturbed. Shrieking out during sleep. Fever :- Starts in the morning and rises up to 103° in the evening with thirst, with frontal headache, worse morning.