POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME /PCOD is a chronic anovulatory endocrine disorder. * it is the commonest cause of anovulatory infertility. ROTHERDAM CRITERIA : for diagnosing pcod. requires two out of three criteria for diagnosing pcod. -oligo/anovulation = oligomenorrhoea /amenorrhoea. -clinical (acne, hirsutism, alopecia ) or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism. -Polycystic ovaries. classic triad of pcod are -oligomenorrhoea. -hirsutism. -obesity. INVESTIGATIONS : * fsh, lh, prl, testosterone, tft, fbs, ppbs. * for hyperandrogenism dheas, androstenedione ,SHBG. * ultrasound. CLINICAL EXAMINATION : * BMI. see for acne, hirsutism, alopecia, acanthosis nigricans. MNEMONIC FOR PCOD. CHICAGO C Cystic ovaries. H Hirsutism , Hyperandrogenism. I Infertility, Insulin resistance. C Cortical stromal fibrosis. A Amenorrhoea, Acne. G Genetic predisposition, Gestational diabetes. O Obesity, oligomenorrhoea. ROLE OF METFORMIN IN PCOD. Metformin is a insulin sensitising drug. -improves insulin resistance. -restores normal cycle and ovulation. -promotes ovulation. -protects against first trimester miscarriage. -reduces GDM and fetal macrosomia. ROLE OF MYO INOSITOL IN PCOD. -insulin sensitiser. -improves the binding of insulin to the receptors on the cell wall. -improves the ovarian response to gonadotrophins. MANAGEMENT : *life style modifications. *diet and exercise effective in restoring ovulatory cycles and achieving pregnancy. * COCP ,METFORMIN. * myo inositol. *ovulation induction. * laparoscopic ovarian diathermy. * IVF if all measures fail.

A 34-year-old nulligravid woman comes to clinic complaining of difficulty getting pregnant for the past 15 months. The woman reports that her menses have always been irregular. The woman has a BMI of 31 and hirsutism on physical exam. What is the most likely cause of infertility in this patient?

Associated Conditions Obesity (See Diet: Obesity.) Infertility (see topic) Hirsutism (see topic) Acne Endometrial hyperplasia and cancer (See Endometrial Hyperplasia and Endometrial Cancer.) Depression Sleep disorders (see topic) Hypertension (see topic) Insulin resistance DM Type 2 Metabolic syndrome (see topic) Cardiovascular disease ------------------------------------------ Diagnosis Signs and Symptoms History Oligo-ovulation: Amenorrhea (see chapter) Oligomenorrhea (See Bleeding, Abnormal Uterine: Oligomenorrhea.) Menorrhagia/Heavy bleeding (See Bleeding, Abnormal Uterine: Heavy Menstrual Bleeding.) Midline hair growth, acne, hair thinning or loss, voice changes Infertility, desire for fertility History of gestational DM or HTN Overweight/Obesity/Weight gain Family history DM or cardiovascular disease Individual goals for treatment Review of Systems Mood, appetite, energy, sleep Weight and diet ------------------------------------------ Physical Exam BP, pulse, height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist:hip ratio Thyroid: Nodules, enlargement Skin: Acanthosis nigricans, acne, hirsutism, balding, skin tags Breast: Galactorrhea Abdomen: Masses or organomegaly Extremities: Edema, DTRs GU: Clitoromegaly, adnexal masses Tests Rotterdam Criteria (2/3 with other causes of hyperandrogenism excluded): Oligo- or anovulation Clinical and/or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism PCO (on US) Labs Pregnancy test Clinical criteria may be sufficient, with labs to rule out other causes TSH, Free T4, prolactin, DHEAS, total testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone Fasting lipids, glucose and 2-hour GTT after 75-gm load No longer considered useful: LH:FSH ratio (pulsatile, can be normal in PCOS) Fasting glucose:insulin ratio (can miss glucose tolerance aberrations) Imaging TVU: >12 antral (<10 mm) follicles on a single ovary or ovarian volume >10 cm3 Endometrial thickness Differential Diagnosis Pregnancy Prolactinoma Thyroid dysfunction (See Thyroid Disease.) Androgen-secreting tumor (See Ovarian Tumors, Virilizing.) Adrenal enzyme defect: Late onset CAH (See Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.) Cushing's disease Metabolic/Endocrine Impaired fasting glucose (IFG): >100 mg/dL Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): 2-hour glucose >140 mg/dL DM: Glucose fasting >126 mg/dL or 2-hour >200 mg/dL Metabolic syndrome (3 or more of): WC >85 cm (35 in) IGT or IFG SBP ≥140 mm Hg or DBP ≥85 mm Hg Triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL HDL cholesterol <50 mg/dL Tumor/Malignancy Risk of endometrial hyperplasia and malignancy Consider endometrial biopsy: US EC >9 mm <2 menses/year ========================== Treatment General Measures If overweight or obese: 5–10% weight loss to improve ovulation, hirsutism, fertility, pregnancy safety Calorie restriction, 30 minutes of vigorous exercise 5 times a week If IGT, lifestyle modification better than medication at preventing DM and metabolic syndrome Medication (Drugs) Endometrial protection: OCPs (monitor lipids and BP) or progestin withdrawal every 3–4 months Hirsutism control (try modalities for 6 months) OCPs Antiandrogens (use contraception) Spironolactone 100–200 mg/d (monitor electrolytes) Flutamide 130–500 mg/d (hepatotoxicity) Eflornithine cream (Vaniqa): b.i.d. only on face Rosiglitazone (4–8 mg/d): Mild improvement: Monitor electrolytes, kidney, liver function ± Weight gain (water retention) P.159 Metabolic (controversial for adolescents): Metformin HCl 1,500 mg–2,000 mg/d for prevention of DM and metabolic syndrome if IGT: Nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, ± weight loss; start 500 mg and increase slowly Rare-lactic acidosis; Monitor electrolytes, liver, kidney every 6–12 months Hold drug for surgery or contrast dye Pregnancy Considerations Ovulation Induction with timed intercourse, intrauterine insemination, or IVF Insulin sensitizers, alone or with clomiphene: Metformin 1,500 mg/d (Category B): May improve miscarriage rate if continued during pregnancy (but studies are small) Rosiglitazone 4–8 mg/d (Category C) Clomiphene citrate, 50–200 mg/d, 4–6 cycles: Cycle days 3–7 or 5–9 Alone or with insulin sensitizer 8–10% multiple pregnancy rate Vasomotor effects, visual symptoms (d/c) Aromatase inhibitors (Letrozole): 5 mg/d, 4–6 cycles (use instead of clomiphene controversial) Gonadotropin injections, FSH or LH: 20–30% multiple pregnancy rate Higher risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome Surgery Ovarian drilling/diathermy via laparoscopy: Similar live birth rates to gonadotropin injections Temporary (6 months) spontaneous ovulation Risk of adhesion formation

### 26 years old girl, overweight, found to have grade 1 fatty liver and bilateral PCOD. Questions: (1) Treatment ??? (2) Dietary advice ??? (3) Is there any relationship of intake of cold beverages and PCOD ???

#CCA PCOS -POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME One of the most common cause of infertility in women Syndrome is excess testosterone and excess estrogen. Rotterdam Criteria for Diagnosis 1. POLYCYSTIC Ovaries Via USG 2. Oligo and or Anovulation 3. Clinical and or biochemical evidence of Hyperandrogenism Diagnosis : Biochemical testing of Androgenism : Increase in free testosterone more sensitive than total testosterone. Transvaginal USG- More than 8 small subcapsular follicles forming a pearl necklace sign Gonadotropins Increased LH/FSH ratio (> 2:1) Evaluate for metabolic abnormalities like Two hour OGTT Lipid profile Most severe form of PCOS - (HAIR-AN) syndrome Hyperandrogenism, Insulin resistance, Acanthosis nigricans