Chronic headache

Friends today I am discussing about #Migraine. Migraines are severe, recurring, and painful headaches. They can be preceded or accompanied by sensory warning signs and other symptoms. The extreme pain that migraines cause can last for hours or even days. Migraines can follow an aura of sensory disturbances followed by a severe headache that often appears on one side of the head. They tend to affect people aged 15 to 55 years. Fast facts on migraines: Some people who experience migraines can clearly identify triggers or factors that cause the headaches, such as allergies, light, and stress. Some people get a warning symptom before the start of the migraine headache. Many people with migraine can prevent a full-blown attack by recognizing and acting upon the warning signs. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications can eliminate or reduce pain, and specific medications can help some people with migraine. People who have severe attacks can take preventive medicines. Triggers The cause of migraines is not yet known. It is suspected that they result from abnormal activity in the brain. This can affect the way nerves communicate as well as the chemicals and blood vessels in the brain. Genetics may make someone more sensitive to the triggers that can cause migraines. However, the following triggers are likely to set off migraines: Hormonal changes: Women may experience migraine symptoms during menstruation, due to changing hormone levels. Emotional triggers: Stress, depression, anxiety, excitement, and shock can trigger a migraine. Physical causes: Tiredness and insufficient sleep, shoulder or neck tension, poor posture, and physical overexertion have all been linked to migraines. Low blood sugar and jet lag can also act as triggers. Triggers in the diet: Alcohol and caffeine can contribute to triggering migraines. Some specific foods can also have this effect, including chocolate, cheese, citrus fruits, and foods containing the additive tyramine. Irregular mealtimes and dehydration have also been named as potential triggers. Medications: Some sleeping pills, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) medications, and the combined contraceptive pill have all been named as possible triggers. Triggers in the environment: Flickering screens, strong smells, second-hand smoke, and loud noises can set off a migraine. Stuffy rooms, temperature changes, and bright lights are also possible triggers. Treatment There is currently no single cure for migraines. Treatment is aimed at preventing a full-blown attack, and alleviating the symptoms that occur. Lifestyle alterations that might help reduce the frequency of migraines include: getting enough sleep reducing stress drinking plenty of water avoiding certain foods regular physical exercise Some people also find that special diets can help, such as gluten-free. Consider seeking further treatment if the above changes do not relieve the symptoms or frequency of migraines. The treatment of migraine symptoms focuses on avoiding triggers, controlling symptoms, and taking medicine. Surgery The last decade has seen the development of new approaches to the treatment of migraines. A doctor may administer an injection of botulinum toxin, or Botox, to the extracranial sensory branches of the trigeminal and cervical spinal nerves. These are a group of nerves in the face and neck linked to migraine reactions. Medications Migraines are often managed through a course of medication. There are many different types of migraine medication, including painkillers. Painkillers should be taken early in the progress of a migraine rather than allowing the headache to develop. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications effective for treating migraines include: naproxen ibuprofen acetaminophen Other painkillers, such as aspirin with caffeine and acetaminophen, can often stop the headache or reduce pain. Many painkillers are available to buy online, including naproxen, acetaminophen, and aspirin with caffeine. Always speak to a doctor before taking new medication. Drugs that treat nausea Some people who experience migraines will need to take medications that treat the accompanying symptoms. Metoclopramide may be used to control certain symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting. Serotonin agonists, such as sumatriptan, may also be prescribed for severe migraines or for migraines that do not respond to OTC medications. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and antidepressants, such as tricyclics, are prescribed to reduce migraine symptoms, although they are not approved in all countries for this purpose. Preventive medications Migraine prevention begins with avoiding triggers. The main goals of preventive therapies are to reduce the frequency, pain level, and duration of migraine headaches and increase the effectiveness of other therapies. There are several medications and supplements that help prevent migraine attacks, including: antidepressants coenzyme Q10 herbal extracts, such as feverfew magnesium citrate vitamin B-12 supplements riboflavin Many supplements can be purchased online, including vitamin B-12 and feverfew. Before purchasing, ensure that it is safe to take these supplements alongside other medication. It is worth noting that some people can experience a medication overuse headache (MOH), or rebound headache. This can occur after taking too many medications in an attempt to prevent migraine attacks. Types There are two main types of migraine. This classification depends on whether the individual experiences any disturbances of the senses leading up to a migraine. These are known as auras. Migraine with aura migraine with aura representation with blurred hue around a tree This picture is an illustration of what a person experiencing migraine with aura might see. For many people with migraine, the auras act as a warning, telling them that a headache is soon to come. The effects of an aura can include: confusing thoughts or experiences the perception of strange, sparkling or flashing lights zig-zagging lines in the visual field blind spots or blank patches in the vision pins and needles in an arm or leg difficulty speaking stiffness in the shoulders, neck, or limbs unpleasant smells If the following symptoms are unusual for the person with migraine, they should not be ignored: an unusually severe headache visual disturbance loss of sensation difficulties with speech When migraines with aura affect vision, the patient may see things that are not there, such as transparent strings of objects. They may also not see parts of the object in front of them or even feel as if part of their field of vision appears, disappears, and then comes back again. People experiencing an aura may describe the visual disturbance as similar to the sensation that follows being exposed to a very bright camera flash. Migraine without aura More commonly, a person will experience a migraine without any sensory disturbance leading up to the attack. Between 70 and 90 percent of migraines occur without an aura. Other types There are other types of migraine related to specific syndromes or triggers, including: Chronic migraine: This refers to any migraine that triggers attacks on over 15 days of the month. Menstrual migraine: This is when the attacks occur in a pattern connected to the menstrual cycle. Hemiplegic migraine: This causes weakness on one side of the body for a temporary period. Abdominal migraine: This is a syndrome that connects migraine attacks to irregular function in the gut and abdomen. It mainly occurs in children under 14 years of age, Migraine with brainstem aura: This is a rare type of migraine that can trigger severe neurological symptoms, such as affected speech. Speak to a doctor after identifying a migraine pattern in any headaches experienced. They will be able to advise the type and prescribe suitable treatment. Symptoms Symptoms of migraine can start a while before the headache, immediately before the headache, during the headache, and after the headache. Although not all migraines are the same, typical symptoms include: moderate to severe pain, usually confined to one side of the head but capable of occurring on either side of the head severe, throbbing, or pulsing pain increasing pain during physical activity or when straining inability to perform regular activities due to pain feeling sick and physically vomiting increased sensitivity to light and sound, relieved by lying quietly in a darkened room Some people experience other symptoms such as sweating, temperature changes, stomach ache, and diarrhea. Migraine vs headache It is important to know the difference between a migraine attack and a headache. Headaches can vary a great deal in how long they last, how severe they are, and why they happen. They may not occur in a recognizable pattern as migraine attacks do. MIgraine attacks will present as moderate-to-severe headaches on one side of the head that occur with other symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting. Migraine and non-migraine headaches are different and can indicate different causes. To help identify a migraine headache, it can be useful to keep a diary of symptoms noting the time of onset, any triggers, the duration of the headaches, any noticeable signs or auras leading up to a migraine attack, and any other symptoms. A headache diary should ideally be used for a minimum of 8 weeks and record: the frequency, duration, and severity of headaches any associated symptoms all prescribed and OTC medications taken to relieve headache symptoms possible triggers the relationship of headaches to menstruation The International Headache Society recommends the "5, 4, 3, 2, 1" criteria to diagnose migraines without aura. This stands for: 5 or more attacks with a duration of 4 hours to 3 days At least two of the following qualities: Occurring on one side of the head, a pulsating quality, moderate-to-severe pain, and aggravation by routine physical activity At least one additional symptom, such as nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, or sensitivity to sound. During the initial diagnosis of migraines, the doctor may suggest a range of tests to exclude any other causes of a headache. These can include electroencephalography (EEG), CT, and MRI scans, or a spinal tap. Primary Homoeopathic Remedies Belladonna This relieves headaches with the feeling of head fullness, and sensitivity to noise and light. Bryonia This remedy can be helpful if a person has a heavy or "splitting" headache, with steady pain that settles over one eye (especially the left) or spreads to the entire head. Pain is worse from any motion, even from moving the eyes, and the person wants to lie completely still and not be talked to or disturbed. Nausea with a heavy feeling in the stomach and vomiting may occur. The person can have a very dry mouth and usually is thirsty. Gelsemium This remedy relieves congestive headaches at the base of the head, as well as headaches around the eye, caused or aggravated by stress. Glonoinum This remedy relieves sudden headaches, with fullness of head and feeling of heat, and aggravated by heat. Ignatia This remedy is helpful for migraines in sensitive people, especially headaches after emotional upsets or caused by grief. The headache is often focused on one side of the head, and may feel as if a nail is driven in. Twitching in the face or spasms in the muscles of the neck and back frequently occur. The person often sighs or yawns and may sometimes weep or seem "hysterical." Iris versicolor Intense migraines with blurry vision and pain that extends to the face and teeth, along with vomiting and a burning feeling in the throat and stomach, can often be relieved with this remedy. The person feels worse from resting and better from motion. Natrum muriaticum Migraines (often on the right) that are worse from grief or emotional upsets, worse from too much sun, or occur just before or after the menstrual period, are likely to respond to this remedy. The headache feels like "a thousand little hammers were knocking on the brain" and is often worse from eyestrain. The person may have numb or tingling feelings in the lips or face before the headache starts, and the eyes are very sensitive to light. The person often feels better lying in the dark and after sleeping. Nux vomica This remedy relieves nausea and digestive troubles associated with overindulgence in food or alcohol. Sanguinaria Right-sided migraines with tension in the neck and shoulder, extending to the forehead with a bursting feeling in the eye, are often relieved with this remedy. Jarring, light, and noise aggravate discomfort. The headaches improve after vomiting, as well as from burping or passing gas, and are often better after sleep. A person who needs this remedy often comes down with migraines after missing meals, and also has digestive problems and allergies. Sepia Left-sided migraines with dizziness and nausea, worse from missing meals, and worse near menstrual periods or during menopause, often responds to this remedy. Pain may come in shocks or jerks, and the person feels worse indoors and from lying on the painful side. A person needing Sepia feels weary, cold, and irritable, wanting no one to make demands on them. Silicea (also called Silica) Migraines that come on after mental exertion or near the menstrual period may indicate a need for this remedy—especially in a nervous person who is very chilly. Headaches are usually right-sided, starting in the back of the head and extending to the forehead, and are worse from drafts or from going out in the cold without a hat. The person may feel better from lying down in a dark, warm room and also from covering the head. Other Remedies Cimicifuga This remedy is often indicated for migraines with throbbing pains ("as if the top of the head would fly open") or shooting pains in the eyes. Headaches are often associated with the menstrual period or come on after long-term study or worrying. The muscles of the neck are usually involved in the headache, feeling very stiff and painful. The person (normally talkative and energetic) feels mentally dull and gloomy, or even fearful, during a migraine. Pain is worse from motion and sometimes improved by eating. Coffea cruda This remedy relieves headaches and sleeplessness with agitation and overactive thoughts. Cyclamen Migraines that start with flickering in the eyes, dim vision, or dizziness suggest a need for this remedy. Pain is often right-sided and may involve the ear—which can also ache or itch. The person feels very weak and sick (the nausea is often worse from fatty food) and is thirsty, very sensitive to cold, and worse from open air. People who need this remedy are sympathetic and emotional; they often have an anxious or remorseful feeling that they may have neglected some responsibility. Kali phosphoricum This remedy relieves symptoms from intellectual overwork. Lachesis Left-sided migraines with congested, pulsing pain that is worse from pressure or tight clothing may respond to this remedy. The person's face looks deeply flushed or blotchy. Headaches are often worst before the menstrual period and better once the flow begins. The person feels worse from sleeping (either in the daytime or at night) and is usually worse from heat. Lycopodium This relieves headaches caused by delaying meals, with desire for hot food and candy. Spigelia Excruciating headaches on the left side of the head, with violent throbbing, or stitching pains above or through the eyeball, may respond to this remedy. Pain may extend through the face and is worse from motion, touch, position changes, and jarring. The person may feel better from lying on the right side with the head supported, and keeping still.

Scientific HEALTH BENEFITS OF GREEN COCONUT WATER (SIXTY) Name- Cocos nucifera Family- Arecaceae Origin- South East Asia Other Names- Nariyal Pani (Hindi), Kobbari Bondam Neeru (Telugu), Tenkay Tannir (Tamil), Karikkin Vellam (Malayalam), YeLeneeru (Kannada), and Narikelera Pani (Bengali) Before we begin with the never-ending tale of coconut water benefits, let’s take a quick look at the biological aspects of this fruit. Ready? Vasco da Gama gave the coconut its name. The inhabitants called it ‘Coco,’ named after a scowling face or hobgoblin (the scary coconut’s ‘eyes,’ remember?). When this ‘coco’ arrived in England, the suffix ‘nut’ was added making it a ‘coconut.’ Interesting, right? But, coconut is not a ‘nut’ as many of us presume. It is actually a stone fruit found on the palm trees that grow well in the coastal tropical environments. This tree usually yields several hundreds of tender fruits every season, depending upon the species and the area. Coconut ‘water’ is actually the juice present inside the endosperm (interior cavity) of the young (about 5-7 months old) and tender coconut. This clear liquid is sweet and sterile and contains various essential compounds such as vitamins, minerals, sugars, electrolytes, amino acids, phytohormones, and cytokine. Each tender coconut may contain around 200 to 1000 ml of water, depending on the size and species. Any fruit that is younger than five months of age will be bitter and without any nutrients. On the other hand, mature coconuts have less water because their endosperm is thick with a white edible kernel. Let’s quickly move on to the interesting part without wasting any more time, shall we? How Can Coconut Water Help You Health Benefits 1. Promotes Cardiovascular Health 2. Improves Lipid Metabolism 3. Prevents Kidney Stones 4. Aids Digestion 5. Prevents And Treats Dehydration 6. Helps With Muscle Cramps 7. Strengthens Bones 8. Reduces Bloating 9. Aids Weight Loss 10. Helps With Diabetes 11. Lowers Blood Pressure 12. Treats Diarrhea 13. As An Electrolyte Replacement 14. As A Detoxifier 15. Beneficial After A Prolonged Workout Session 16. Balances pH Levels 17. Provides Instant Energy 18. Cures Hangovers 19. Relieves Headaches 20. Treats Alzheimer’s 21. Healthy Alternative To Caffeinated Drinks 22. Has Antimicrobial Properties 23. Boosts Immunity 24. Has Anti-tumor Properties 25. Eye Health 26. Relieves Stress 27. Cures Insomnia 28. Boosts Memory 29. Treats Gallstones 30. Fights Depression 31. Healthy Drink For Pregnant And Breastfeeding Moms 32. Helps Battle Free Radical Damage 33. Is Good For Babies 34. Reverses Chemotherapy Damage 35. Treats Constipation 36. Cures Crohn’s Disease 37. Alleviate Ulcerative Colitis 38. Heals A Leaky Gut 39. Reduces Fever 40. Cures Cholera 41. Cuts toxin activity in The Liver 42. Beneficial For Postmenopausal Symptoms 43. Cures Acid Reflux, GERD, And Gastritis 44. Increases Libido 45. Alleviate Glaucoma 46. Treats Hypothyroidism Skin Benefits 47. Moisturizes Skin 48. Reduces Signs Of Aging 49. Helps Reduce Pigmentation 50. Treats Skin Infections 51. Helps Reduce Acne 52. Cures Eczema 53. Works As A Natural Cleanser And Toner 54. Heals Skin Infections 55. Removes Sun Tan Hair Benefits 56. Stimulates Hair Growth 57. Adds Shine 58. Controls Dandruff 59. Treats Damaged Hair 60. Prevents Hair Loss Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Health Benefits Of Coconut Water Image: Shutterstock Did you know that coconut water was able to save many lives during the World War II? You might take this as a far-fetched idea, but there are more than one documented cases that prove coconut water’s importance as an emergency intravenous fluid during the 40s and 50s. The list has just begun. There are many health benefits of coconut water that you will be surprised to know, just like the one above. So, stay tuned. 1. Promotes Cardiovascular Health For a healthy heart, you need to eat nutritious food and exercise regularly. And now, you can add drinking coconut water to the list. Studies have shown that coconut water can reduce the risk of heart attacks, lower blood pressure, and hypertension ( 1 ). Tender coconut water, preferably fresh, can be had once a day to improve cardiovascular health. Caution— Coconut water might be low in calories, but the yield from one coconut can contain about five grams of sugar. Therefore, drinking too much coconut water is not recommended. Back To TOC 2. Improves Metabolism You probably know that improved metabolism means that you end up burning more calories. While there might be many things slugging your metabolism, coconut water isn’t one of them. In fact, it can give your metabolism quite the boost. One of the crucial things required for the proper metabolism of carbohydrates and fats into energy is manganese ( 2 ). This is why coconut water, a good source of manganese , helps improve metabolism. Back To TOC 3. Prevents Kidney Stones Prevention of kidney stones is one of the most effective health benefits of coconut water. Kidney stones can cause a lot of pain and may result in serious health issues. Drinking coconut water can help in preventing them. Kidney stones occur when there is an accumulation of crystals in your kidneys that should have been flushed out through urine. Research has shown that coconut water reduces the amount of crystals deposited in the kidneys, which significantly reduces the occurrence of kidney stones (3 ). Back To TOC 4. Aids Digestion It is common knowledge that ingesting fibers is essential for your digestive system to function properly. Coconut water is rich in fiber, which is why it helps with your digestive system. The water a single coconut yield contains about 9% of the amount of fiber that is required by your body in a single day (4 ). Back To TOC 5. Prevents And Treats Dehydration Dehydration occurs when the water content in your body drops. It is usually a result of not drinking enough water or losing water through excretion. Coconut water keeps you hydrated, which is why a lot of athletes use it as a post-workout drink. When you are dehydrated, you don’t just lose water; you lose essential salts and nutrients as well. Coconut water, which has high water content and is rich in nutrients, helps replenish your body ( 5 ). Back To TOC 6. Helps With Muscle Cramps Image: Shutterstock Muscle cramps can happen due to many reasons, and coconut water helps ease the discomfort. According to studies, potassium deficiency can result in muscle spasms. A diet rich in potassium ensures that your muscles stay in perfect order ( 6 ). Excessive exercising can also cause muscle cramps, which can be eased by the consumption of electrolytes. Coconut water, which replenishes lost water and potassium, can be a perfect substitute for any energy drink ( 7 ). Back To TOC 7. Strengthens Bones Although our bones are made up mostly of calcium, we need some nutrients to maintain bone strength and density. There have been several studies about the impact of coconut water on bones. The results have been favorable ( 8 ). Coconut water contains a significant amount of calcium that is necessary for healthy bones . It also has magnesium that builds bone strength. Back To TOC 8. Reduces Bloating Bloating is usually gas-related. But it can also be caused due to high sodium intake, which coconut water can reduce. Coconut contains a high amount of potassium, which helps counteract the effects of sodium (9 ). Back To TOC 9. Aids Weight Loss Weight loss is one of the most amazing benefits of drinking coconut water. Consuming empty calories is one the main reasons you tend to put on weight. Aerated drinks and other sugary drinks can make you pile on calories and leave you feeling hungry. If you are seeking an alternative, coconut water is an excellent substitute. Coconut water is a good source of dietary fiber (10 ). Fiber does not get digested by your body, so it stays in your system longer and keeps you feeling full. This is why you rarely feel hungry, and eat less. [ Read: Coconut For Weight Loss With 4 Weeks Diet Plan ] Back To TOC 10. Helps With Diabetes Wondering if people with diabetes can have this sweet and delicious drink? Research says yes! Certain studies have concluded that the water from mature coconuts can have an antidiabetic effect (11 ). People with diabetes are very susceptible to excessive blood clotting, which puts them at risk (12 ). Not only does coconut water help reduce blood sugar, but it also prevents the occurrence of blood clots. Caution— With the intake of coconut water, diabetics should monitor their blood sugar for signs of hypoglycemia. Back To TOC 11. Lowers Blood Pressure Coconut water has a direct effect on blood pressure. Studies have shown that it can help in lowering blood pressure and hypertension. It also reduces cholesterol and prevents blood clots. Coconut water exhibits antithrombotic effects, which means it helps prevent blood clots (13 ). It also reduces cholesterol, which can have an enormous impact on your blood pressure by clogging up your arteries (14 ). Back To TOC 12. Treats Diarrhea Coconut water is a must-have liquid for those suffering from diarrhea. It will prevent the need for hospitalization by replacing the fluid loss from the GI (Gastrointestinal) tract ( 15 ). Interestingly, this humble liquid has a higher osmolarity than that of the WHO recommended ORS solution due to the presence of essential chemical compounds such as amino acids, minerals, enzymes, and fatty acids. Being very low in sodium and chlorides, but high in sugars and amino acids also makes coconut water a well-balanced fluid replacement for diarrhea. Back To TOC 13. As An Electrolyte Replacement Coconut water is also a workable short-term replacement for human blood plasma ( 16 ). 100 ml of coconut water contains about 250 mg of potassium and 105 mg of sodium that help replenish electrolyte deficiency in the patient’s body. This is the sole reason why coconut water was popular during the World War II. Back To TOC 14. As A Detoxifier Image: Shutterstock We all know that detoxification is an important process for the proper functioning of our body. This process helps flush out harmful components from our organs, making us healthy from inside out. But did you know that dehydration is also a significant contributor to the build-up toxins in our body? Yes, it is, because inadequate hydration leads to hampered functioning of kidneys and livers, the detoxifying organs, thus giving way to the accumulation of toxins in the body. What can we do about it? The solution is all clear, my dear. Stay hydrated. And what can be a better hydration alternative than our precious coconut water? Our body is capable of cleansing and detoxing on its own, provided it has all the essential nutrients and hydration, and coconut water contains every required nutrient including potassium and sodium. Back To TOC 15. Beneficial After A Prolonged Workout Session Image: iStock Replace your energy drinks with coconut to stay hydrated even after a long work-out session. Coconut water is rich in essential potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium which helps natural replenishment of lost electrolytes in the body. Also, they assist in maintaining proper fluid balance (17 , 18 ). Back To TOC 16. Balances pH Levels Many toxins and chemical compounds present in the environment and foods make your body pH levels highly acidic which can eventually lead to joint pain, chemical sensitivity, heartburn, weight gain, diabetes, and immune deficiency. This is where coconut water comes into play. Coconut water has an amazing alkalizing effect which helps restore a healthy pH in the body. So, next time you face a disturbing acidity and heartburn, don’t think before sipping on this tasty drink. Back To TOC 17. Provides Instant Energy Image: iStock Are you still relying on that bottled energy drink after a sunny day? Don’t. Because now you have a better reason to switch to coconut water instead. A glass of fresh coconut water contains about 5 mg of natural sugar that has better energy-boosting effects than that of energy drinks, at a much lower price ( 19 ). The same glass is also rich in about 294 mg of potassium, which is essential for energy production in the cells. Back To TOC 18. Cures Hangovers Consume coconut water next time you go overboard with the alcohol. Having coconut water helps settle your stomach, reducing frequent urination and the urge to puke. It also helps provide the much-required hydration and nutrients that are lost courtesy alcohol. Also, the antioxidants present in this revitalizing drink fight oxidative stress that occurs due to too much alcohol in our system (20 ). Make your hangover drink by using coconut water, ripe mangoes, lemon juice and mint. Here’s how: What You Need 2 cups fresh coconut water 2 cups grated ripe mangoes 2 fresh mint sprigs 1/2 cup ice What You Need To Do Make a smoothie by blending all the ingredients and have it fresh to get rid of that annoying hangover. Back To TOC 19. Relieves Headaches Image: Shutterstock Dehydration is one of the major triggers for headaches, and coconut water is touted to be one of the best natural remedies for instant hydration. Migraine patients have low levels of magnesium and coconut water with their high levels of magnesium helps reduce the frequency of migraine attacks ( 21 ). Back To TOC 20. Treats Alzheimer’s Coconut water is being seen as one of the new possible treatments for neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s. In one study, it was found that trans-zeatin, a cytokinin present in coconut water, has high prevention powers against brain cell damage. It also helps cure impairments in memory (22 ). Back To TOC 21. Healthy Alternative To Caffeinated Drinks Image: iStock Having fresh coconut water in the place of your regular morning and evening tea is a good option. It keeps you energized for the day without compromising on taste. Containing only 19 calories per 100 grams. coconut water is also high in nutrients like iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and vitamin C. So what are you waiting for? Back To TOC 22. Has Antimicrobial Properties Coconut water has natural antimicrobial peptides that are effective in fighting harmful bacteria like E.coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, and P. aeruginosa (23 ). While E.coli, the multi-drug resistant bacterium, is the universal inhabitant of the human digestive tract, B. subtilis and S. Aureus cause food poisoning. On the other hand, P. Aeruginosa is a potent human pathogen that can be found in milk, milk products, fruits, and vegetables. Back To TOC 23. Boosts Immunity Trust coconut water for an active immune system. Every 100 grams of coconut water contains 2.4 mg of vitamin C that is required for the production of antibodies to fight any foreign invasion. It also helps clean your body of the existent toxins and germs, making you healthy from inside out. Coconut water also successfully beats cold viruses (24 , 25 ). Back To TOC 24. Has Anti-tumor Properties Many researchers have concluded that having coconut water regularly can help in the treatment of a tumor. Coconut water has yet another essential cytokinin gibberellins (GAs) that contain anti-tumor properties (26 , 27 ). Back To TOC 25. Eye Health Image: Shutterstock Coconut water can be your best bet to ensure goog eyesight. Our body needs a significant amount of Vitamin B1 for an improved brain and eye health. It strengthens eye muscles and betters night vision ( 28 ). Every cup of coconut water contains around 0.7 mg of Thiamine (Vitamin B1), so you need to have two cups to meet the recommended daily requirement of 1.4 mg. Back To TOC 26. Relieves Stress Office, traveling, family problems—a number of reasons can cause stress. Drinking a glass of fresh coconut water is a very refreshing method to kill high tension levels. Coconut water contains a fair amount of vitamin B5, B6, and folate, that help reduce stress levels (29 ). Folate (vitamin B9) also helps trigger the release of serotonin, the mood-boosting hormone (30 ). Back To TOC 27. Cures Insomnia Tired of battling sleeplessness? Try having coconut water before going to bed and watch yourself dozing off to sleep. This natural ingredient contains GABA, a neurotransmitter that has a relaxing, anti-convulsive, and anti-anxiety effect on the body, aiding a good sleep (31 ). Back To TOC 28. Boosts Memory Fasten the learning process of your kids with the help of coconut water. Several studies have concluded that coconut water helps increase memory owing to the presence of glutamic acid, an amino acid that is essential for improved memory retention and recall ( 32 ). Back To TOC 29. Treats Gallstones Drink coconut water to flush out the accumulated gallstones from your body. Coconut water is rich in malic acid, which when paired with magnesium helps in the breakdown of gallstones. Back To TOC 30. Fights Depression It might sound surprising, but coconut water is found to be useful in the treatment of depression. Coconut water has a high magnesium content (a whopping 60 mg per cup) that is clinically proven to fight symptoms of depression (33 ). Having this refreshing drink daily promotes a healthy state of mind, uplifting the mood. Back To TOC 31. Healthy drink For Pregnant And Breastfeeding Moms Image: Shutterstock Coconut water plays a crucial role in the overall health and development of the body during pregnancy. Regular consumption of coconut water helps address typical pregnancy discomforts such as fatigue, dehydration, muscle spasms, cramps, poor blood circulation, and blood pressure. Its soothing nature helps calm digestive tract, relieving morning sickness, nausea, acid reflux, and constipation. Coconut water contains a trace of lauric acid, an immune-boosting compound, which is also found in the breast milk ( 34 ). This is why breastfeeding mothers are advised to have a good quantity of coconut water. Back To TOC 32. Helps Battle Free Radical Damage This refreshing drink also contains antioxidants that help scavenge free radicals that cause harm to our organ system (35 ). If left free, these radicals can start chain reactions in the body by robbing electrons which eventually leads to cell death. Back To TOC 33. Is Good For Babies Give your baby essential vitamins and minerals such as calcium, vitamin C, riboflavin, potassium, magnesium, iron, and manganese without spending much. The innumerable medicinal properties of coconut water fight microbes, relieving your baby of gastrointestinal problems like ulcer, indigestion, diarrhea, flatulence, and vomiting. This natural water also assists in the treatment of urinary tract infections and bilious fever. You can start giving your baby coconut water soon after you put them on solid foods, i.e. around 6-8 months. Caution—Coconut water is not advisable for infants below six months due to an increased risk of allergic reactions. Back To TOC 34. Reverses Chemotherapy Damage Coconut water helps in the speedy recovery of the damage done by chemotherapy. This natural water is rich in electrolytes that help oxygenate the blood which further helps restore the WBC count, ANC count, hemoglobin, and platelets. The antimicrobial properties of coconut water can kill microbes inside of cancer cells turning them back to normal cells. Back To TOC 35. Treats Constipation Image: Shutterstock Coconut water, being a natural laxative, is touted to be an excellent cure for constipation. It contains a high amount of dietary fiber that ensures stool formation ( 36 , 37 ). Also, the cleansing property of this water regulates the bowel movement in the body. Back To TOC 36. Cures Crohn’s Disease Patients suffering from Crohn’s disease lose a lot of body fluids due to severe diarrhea. Thus, providing them with a healthy dose of added electrolytes is a good option. And what can be better than a glass of coconut water? Coconut water is a natural source of electrolytes with added benefits of natural sugars and amino acids sans artificial coloring (38 ). Back To TOC 37. Alleviate Ulcerative Colitis Tender coconut water with its healing properties is highly effective in treating digestive disorders like ulcerative colitis. Regular consumption of coconut water soothes the mucous membranes of the colon and the rectum, reducing the swelling in them (39 ). Here’s how you can consume it to relieve stomach ulcer: What You Need 3-4 drumsticks One glass of coconut water One teaspoon honey What You Need To Do 1. Boil the drumsticks in water for about 10 minutes and extract its juice. 2. Add the extracted juice to a glass of coconut water and mix honey with it. 3. Have this juice once a day for best results. Back To TOC 38. Heals A Leaky Gut Drink coconut water religiously to get rid of a leaky gut. It contains a good quantity of lauric acid that helps heal digestive tract, relieving you of intestinal gas, and the Leaky Gut Syndrome (40 ). Being a carminative, it also helps improve the nutrient absorbing ability of the digestive tract. Back To TOC 39. Reduces Fever Image: Shutterstock One can make use of coconut water’s cooling and calming property to relieve burning sensations due to high fever ( 41 ). It also helps normalize the body temperature that goes up because of fever. Back To TOC 40. Cures Cholera Coconut water is a boon to those suffering from cholera due to the high content of potassium and magnesium. It helps bring back the much-required electrolyte balance in the body ( 42 , 43 ). For best results, squeeze the quarter of a lemon in a glass of coconut water and have it twice in a day till the symptoms subside. Back To TOC 41. Cuts toxin activity in the Liver Many studies have confirmed that the hepatoprotective properties make coconut water an ideal ingredient for liver (44 ). Also, this natural water has powerful antioxidants that reduce the toxin activity in the liver. Back To TOC 42. Beneficial For Postmenopausal Symptoms Having fresh coconut water daily can help cure the postmenopausal symptoms relieving you from the pain and discomfort ( 45 ). Back To TOC 43. Cures Acid Reflux, GERD, And Gastritis For a better stomach health, make sure you have one glass of fresh coconut water every morning and evening. Coconut water, being high in potassium and electrolytes, is beneficial in treating acid reflux, GERD and gastritis. It helps neutralize the excess acid in the stomach, soothing your pain. Back To TOC 44. Increases Libido Did you know that coconut water can help you increase sex drive? Manuscripts and tales from Thailand and the Pacific nations give coconut water the reputation of being a potent aphrodisiac for both men and women ( 46 ). Back To TOC 45. Alleviate Glaucoma Having coconut water is touted to be a natural remedy for glaucoma. Glaucoma is an eye disorder where small blood vessels and the optic nerve gets damaged due to elevated pressure in the eye. Coconut water helps reduce the production of the aqueous humor by blocking adrenaline-like substances ( 47 ). This, in a way, reduces the pressure in the eye for about 2 and a half hours. Back To TOC 46. Treats Hypothyroidism Coconut water is also beneficial in the treatment of hypothyroidism. It is a natural diuretic, thus supporting the proper functioning of the thyroid gland (48 ). Coconut water, being rich in healthy fats, also increases the body’s metabolic rate and helps in the energy production. All these factors eventually help cure hypothyroidism. With this, we wind up almost all the health benefits of this natural drink. Let’s just jump to the next exciting section without much ado. C’mon. Back To TOC Skin Benefits Of Coconut Water Image: Shutterstock Acne? Wrinkles? Tan? Name any skin trouble and you will find a solution for it in our very own coconut water. Just see how: 47. Moisturizes Skin The key to great skin is proper hydration. The sun, pollution, and harsh soaps can strip your skin of its natural moisture, and leave it dry. Applying coconut water is a great way to hydrate your skin. Coconut water is a great moisturizer for every skin type (49 ). It is lightweight, so it hydrates your skin without making it greasy. How To Use A face mask made out of coconut water and lemon juice can be the perfect non-greasy way to infuse your skin with some much-needed moisture. What You Need 2 tablespoons coconut water ½ teaspoon lemon juice 1 teaspoon honey (optional) What You Have To Do 1. Place the coconut water in a bowl, and add the lemon juice to it. If your skin is dry, add honey. Stir to combine all the ingredients. 2. Soak a couple of cotton balls in the concoction, and massage it into your skin using gentle, circular motions. 3. Keep it on for 30 minutes, and then rinse with cold water. How Often Should You Do This This face mask can be used on alternate days. Caution—Lemon juice may dry out your skin, so make sure you adjust the quantity according to your skin type. Oily skin can get away with more of it, since it helps control oil. But, those with normal or dry skin should use less lemon juice, and add honey to the mask for an extra boost of moisture. Back To TOC 48. Reduces Signs Of Aging Wrinkles, fine lines, and age spots are bound to appear as your skin ages. But with proper care, these signs of aging can be delayed . If you are seeking a surefire way to reduce fine lines and wrinkles, you might want to give coconut water a try. Coconut water contains cytokines that help promote cell growth (50 ). This helps your skin repair faster, as well as reduce the damage that has been caused. How To Use Mature skin tends to be dry. The potent combination of coconut water and yogurt exfoliates and moisturizes the skin, and reduces signs of aging. What You Need 1 tablespoon coconut water 2 tablespoons plain yogurt What You Have To Do 1. Place the yogurt in a bowl. Add the coconut water, and stir till the ingredients are combined. 2. Using a brush, apply the pack on your face. 3. Keep it on for 15 minutes, and rinse it with cold water. Yogurt has lactic acid, a gentle but effective exfoliator (51 ). It helps improve the appearance of your skin by removing dead cells and moisturizing it, leaving it smooth and supple. How Often Should You Do This You may use this face pack once or twice a week. Back To TOC 49. Helps Reduce Pigmentation Image: Shutterstock There might be a number of products out there that claim to reduce pigmentation , but they are either ineffective or full of harmful chemicals. If you are seeking a natural alternative, coconut water can help with blemishes, tan, and discolored skin. Research has shown that vitamin C can help remove pigmentation (52 ). This is why coconut water, which is a naturally rich source of vitamin C , works well in reducing tan and blemishes ( 53 ). How To Use Coconut water, when used with the fuller’s earth (multani mitti), can help reduce pigmentation. What You Need 1 tablespoon fuller’s earth 1 ½ tablespoons coconut water What You Have To Do 1. Combine the Fuller’s earth and the coconut water to make a thin paste. 2. Apply the paste on the pigmented areas, or your entire face. 3. Keep it on for 15 minutes, and rinse with cold water. How Often Should You Do This This face pack can be used once or twice a week. Back To TOC 50. Treats Skin Infections Your skin is always susceptible to bacteria and fungi, and they can cause skin infections that may result in rashes or irritated skin. Coconut water can help you prevent and treat them. Tender coconut water has antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties, which is why its topical application helps treat skin infections ( 54 ). How To Use The topical application of coconut water over the infected area can help reduce the symptoms and treat the infection. Back To TOC 51. Helps Reduce Acne If acne is the bane of your existence, you have probably tried a number of ways to get rid of it. One ingredient that is easy to overlook is coconut water. Yes, your favorite summer beverage can double up as a treatment for acne. Acne is caused when the follicles in your skin get clogged by oil, which is then attacked by bacteria to cause swelling (55 ). Due to the antibacterial properties that coconut water possesses, its application can help reduce acne ( 56 ). How To Use A toner, made with coconut water and honey, will not only help reduce acne, but will also leave you with smooth skin. What You Need ½ cup coconut water 1 teaspoon honey What You Have To Do 1. Stir the honey into the coconut water. 2. Soak a cotton ball into the potion, and dab it on cleansed face. 3. Leave it on for 10 minutes and wipe it off with a washcloth. Honey is another antibacterial agent ( 57 ). It also has anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce swelling and soothe your skin. How Often Should You Do This You may use this every day as a part of your CTM routine. Back To TOC 52. Cures Eczema Coconut water is a great natural remedy for skin diseases like eczema. Having two to three glasses of this natural drink is a great way to hydrate your skin without running behind all the costly cosmetics. It is rich in essential nutrients like potassium, lauric acid, antioxidants, and cytokinins that helps maintain a youthful skin. Coconut water also helps balance the pH levels of the body. And all these factors indirectly makes coconut water an ideal treatment for eczema. Back To TOC 53. Works As A Natural Cleanser And Toner Image: Shutterstock Hey you! Are you still searching for that perfect toner online? Don’t. I have a natural ingredient that works thousand times better without looting you. Yes, I’m talking about our beloved coconut water which when used as a cleanser and toner helps you get rid of the stubborn dirt and impurities of the day without causing any fuss. You can even add a few drops of lemon juice for added skin lightening effect. Note: Those looking for removal of dark spots should mix coconut water and rose water and use it as a face cleanser two to three times a day. Back To TOC 54. Heals Skin Infections Our skin is prone to the worst damage during the summers and the monsoons. Infections, random acne pop-ups, redness, itching—there are various ways in which our skin takes a hit. What can you do about them? Well, I suggest you make use of the healing properties of coconut water. It has antiviral, antimicrobial and antifungal properties that helps tackle various degrees of skin infections. Simply apply some fresh coconut water on the affected skin with the help of a clean cotton ball. Back To TOC 55. Removes Sun Tan Tired of using every brand available to lighten the dark tan marks? Why don’t you go natural for once? Coconut water when mixed with fuller’s earth (multani mitti) makes the best tan-removal home remedy. Apply it on the affected area and let it dry before wiping it off with warm water. Use it thrice a week for two months and see it for yourself. Back To TOC Hair Benefits Of Coconut Water Image: Shutterstock This might be the last benefit section, but it is no way the least concerned one. Every woman complains on how she has been losing thousands of her beloved strands every day, and how she has been using the best product in the market to no avail. It is time you turned to coconut water. It is cheap, easily available, and highly effective when it comes to hair troubles. Keep reading to know how. 56. Stimulates Hair Growth The state of your hair often reflects the state of your overall health. Lack of certain nutrients can stunt hair growth or cause hair fall. Coconut water, a treasure trove of medicinal properties, helps provide nutrients that can help your hair grow. Potassium is an element that is essential for hair growth ( 58 ). Coconut water stimulates hair growth because it is a rich source of potassium (59 ). How To Use Massaging coconut water into your scalp on a regular basis can help with hair growth. What You Need ½ cup coconut water What You Have To Do 1. Using cotton balls or even your fingers, massage coconut water into your scalp. 2. Leave it on overnight, and wash with a gentle shampoo. How Often Should You Do This You may massage your scalp with coconut water on alternate days. Note: Also, massaging your scalp can be very beneficial in improving the health of your hair. It increases blood circulation to your scalp, which strengthens your roots and reduces hair fall (60 ). Back To TOC 57. Adds Shine If you’re looking for an all-natural way to condition your hair and boost shine, you don’t need to look further than coconut water. Coconut water infuses your hair with moisture and deep conditions it ( 61 ). It leaves your hair bouncier, glossier, and shinier. How To Use The best way to condition your hair with coconut water is to use it as a hair rinse. What You Need 1 cup coconut water What You Have To Do 1. Shampoo your hair as usual, and rinse thoroughly. 2. Dilute the coconut water with three to four mugs of tap water, and use it as your final rinse. How Often Should You Do This You can rinse your hair with coconut water as often as you shampoo. Back To TOC 58. Controls Dandruff Nobody likes a scaly, flaky, white scattered scalp. So it won’t be wrong to consider dandruff one of the most embarrassing conditions; especially when it is quite visible and you are wearing a dark shirt. Thankfully, coconut water has anti-fungal properties that helps reduce the scalp itchiness and dandruff within no time ( 62 ). It also helps soothe the inflamed scalp, making it smooth and hydrated. What You Need 10 teaspoons coconut water 1/2 teaspoon neem oil What You Need To Do 1. Mix the two ingredients and gently massage your scalp with it. 2. Leave it on for at least an hour before washing it off with lukewarm water. 3. Use this treatment twice a week for best results. Back To TOC 59. Treats Damaged Hair Image: Shutterstock Chemically fried hair. Those who like to dye their hair would easily relate to this term. Here, your hair looks as if they have been robbed off their natural moisture making it fried and wiry. Definitely unappealing. But don’t you worry. You can now make your red, brown, or even electric blue hair look natural with the help of coconut water. It helps tame the dry and frizzy hair without causing any more harm to the already damaged hair. What You Need 2 tablespoons coconut water 1 tablespoon yogurt What You Need To Do 1. Mix the two ingredients and massage your hair and scalp with it. 2. Let it stay there for an hour and wash it off using a mild shampoo and conditioner. 3. Use this technique twice a week for best results. Note: Alternatively, you can also use other beneficial ingredients like apple cider vinegar, banana or avocados for a anti-frizz hair mask. Back To TOC 60. Prevents Hair Loss Finding strands of hair circling your hair brush can be quite a painful sight to watch. This is the stage that actually prompts you to act. Thankfully, nature has a solution for every problem. And here, we are talking about the great coconut water. This natural water can also help you address the serious issue of hair loss/alopecia by ensuring proper blood circulation in the scalp. It enhances the density of the hair, further strengthening the hair follicles. This helps stop the bulk hair fall. So don’t forget to add coconut water to your daily routine for healthy and flowing hair.

A 58 yr old male known hypertensive since 10 yrs and diabetic since 3 yrs on regular medication comes to emergency dept with sudden onset of grade 4 dyspnea, with profuse sweating, no chest pain from 2hrs, on arrival to ED patient is tachypneic RR 34,tachycardic 124,BP 110/70mm of hg, SPo2 85 %in RA, GRBS 279 mg/dl, On systemic exam, CNS Pt is conscious oriented CVS s1 s 2 present, RS b/l air entry present b/l crepts, P/A soft, please diagnose and management

A 48yrs old male presented to ED having H/o sudden onset LOC and seizure with multiple episode of vomitting.K/c/o HTN not on regular treatment as advice by his family doctor.O/e CNS - conscious,alert,oriented,Right UMN facial palsy,Both pupils are normal in size.GCS-E3V4M4,Bp-170/90mmhg.Diagnosis?

According to the World Health Organization , waterborne diseases account for an estimated 3.6% of the total DALY (disability- adjusted life year) global burden of disease , and cause about 1.5 million human deaths annually. The World Health Organization estimates that 58% of that burden, or 842,000 deaths per year, is attributable to a lack of safe drinking water supply, sanitation and hygiene (summarized as WASH ). [1] Overview The term waterborne disease is reserved largely for infections that predominantly are transmitted through contact with or consumption of infected water. Trivially, many infections may be transmitted by microbes or parasites that accidentally, possibly as a result of exceptional circumstances, have entered the water, but the fact that there might be an occasional freak infection need not mean that it is useful to categorise the resulting disease as "waterborne". Nor is it common practice to refer to diseases such as malaria as "waterborne" just because mosquitoes have aquatic phases in their life cycles, or because treating the water they inhabit happens to be an effective strategy in control of the mosquitoes that are the vectors . Microorganisms causing diseases that characteristically are waterborne prominently include protozoa and bacteria , many of which are intestinal parasites , or invade the tissues or circulatory system through walls of the digestive tract. Various other waterborne diseases are caused by viruses . (In spite of philosophical difficulties associated with defining viruses as " organisms ", it is practical and convenient to regard them as microorganisms in this connection.) Yet other important classes of water- borne diseases are caused by metazoan parasites. Typical examples include certain Nematoda , that is to say "roundworms". As an example of water-borne Nematode infections, one important waterborne nematodal disease is Dracunculiasis . It is acquired by swallowing water in which certain copepoda occur that act as vectors for the Nematoda. Anyone swallowing a copepod that happens to be infected with Nematode larvae in the genus Dracunculus , becomes liable to infection. The larvae cause guinea worm disease . [2] Another class of waterbornemetazoan pathogens are certain members of the Schistosomatidae , a family of blood flukes . They usually infect victims that make skin contact with the water. [2] Blood flukes are pathogens that cause Schistosomiasis of various forms, more or less seriously affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. [3] Long before modern studies had established the germ theory of disease , or any advanced understanding of the nature of water as a vehicle for transmitting disease, traditional beliefs had cautioned against the consumption of water, rather favouring processed beverages such as beer , wine and tea . For example, in the camel caravans that crossed Central Asia along the Silk Road , the explorer Owen Lattimore noted, "The reason we drank so much tea was because of the bad water. Water alone, unboiled, is never drunk. There is a superstition that it causes blisters on the feet." [4] Socioeconomic impact Waterborne diseases can have a significant impact on the economy, locally as well as internationally. People who are infected by a waterborne disease are usually confronted with related costs and not seldom with a huge financial burden. This is especially the case in less developed countries. The financial losses are mostly caused by e.g. costs for medical treatment and medication, costs for transport, special food, and by the loss of manpower. Many families must even sell their land to pay for treatment in a proper hospital. On average, a family spends about 10% of the monthly households income per person infected. [5] Infections by type of pathogen Protozoan Disease and Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms Amoebiasis (hand-to-mouth) Protozoan ( Entamoeba histolytica ) (Cyst-like appearance) Sewage , non- treated drinking water , flies in water supply, saliva transfer (if the other person has the disease) Abdominal discomfort, fatigue , weight loss, diarrhea , bloating , fever Cryptosporidiosis (oral) Protozoan ( Cryptosporidium parvum ) Collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfected , animal manure , seasonalrunoff of water. Flu-like symptoms , watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating , increased gas, nausea Cyclosporiasis Protozoan parasite ( Cyclospora cayetanensis ) Sewage , non- treated drinking water cramps , nausea, vomiting , muscle aches, fever, and fatigue Giardiasis (fecal- oral) (hand-to- mouth) Protozoan ( Giardia lamblia ) Most common intestinal parasite Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, groundwater contamination, campgrounds where humans and wildlife use same source of water. Beavers and muskrats createponds that act as reservoirsfor Giardia. Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating , and flatulence Microsporidiosis Protozoan phylum ( Microsporidia ), but closely related to fungi Encephalitozoon intestinalis has been detected in groundwater , the origin of drinking water [6] Diarrhea and wasting in immunocompromised individuals. Bacterial Disease and Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms Botulism Clostridium botulinum Bacteria can enter an open wound from contaminated water sources. Can enter the gastrointestinal tract through consumption of contaminated drinking water or (more commonly) food Dry mouth, blurred and/or double vision , difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, slurred speech, vomiting and sometimes diarrhea . Death is usually caused by respiratory failure . Campylobacteriosis Most commonly caused by Campylobacter jejuni Drinking water contaminated with feces Produces dysentery like symptoms along with a high fever . Usually lasts 2–10 days. Cholera Spread by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae Drinking water contaminated with the bacterium In severe forms it is known to be one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. Symptoms include very watery diarrhea, nausea , cramps , nosebleed , rapid pulse , vomiting, and hypovolemic shock (in severe cases), at which point death can occur in 12–18 hours. E. coli Infection Certain strains of Escherichia coli (commonly E. coli ) Water contaminated with the bacteria Mostly diarrhea. Can cause death in immunocompromised individuals, the very young, and the elderly due to dehydration from prolonged illness. M. marinum infection Mycobacterium marinum Naturally occurs in water, most cases from exposure in swimming poolsor more frequently aquariums ; rare infection since it mostly infects immunocompromised individuals Symptoms include lesions typically located on the elbows, knees, and feet (from swimming pools ) or lesions on the hands ( aquariums ). Lesions may be painless or painful. Dysentery Caused by a number of species in the genera Shigella and Salmonella with the most common being Shigella dysenteriae Water contaminated with the bacterium Frequent passage of feces with blood and/ or mucus and in some cases vomiting of blood. Legionellosis(two distinct forms: Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever) Caused by bacteria belonging to genus Legionella (90% of cases caused by Legionella pneumophila ) Legionella is a very common organism that reproduces to high numbers in warm water; [7] but only causes severe disease when aerosolized. [8] Pontiac fever produces milder symptoms resembling acute influenza without pneumonia . Legionnaires' disease has severe symptoms such as fever , chills , pneumonia (with cough that sometimes produces sputum ), ataxia , anorexia , muscle aches, malaiseand occasionally diarrhea and vomiting Leptospirosis Caused by bacterium of genus Leptospira Water contaminated by the animal urine carrying the bacteria Begins with flu-like symptoms then resolves. The second phase then occurs involving meningitis , liver damage (causes jaundice ), and renal failure Otitis Externa (swimmer's ear) Caused by a number of bacterial and fungal species. Swimming in water contaminated by the responsible pathogens Ear canal swells, causing pain and tenderness to the touch Salmonellosis Caused by many bacteria of genus Salmonella Drinking water contaminated with the bacteria. More common as a food borne illness . Symptoms include diarrhea , fever , vomiting, and abdominal cramps Typhoid fever Salmonella typhi Ingestion of water contaminated with feces of an infected person Characterized by sustained fever up to 40 °C (104 °F), profusesweating ; diarrhea may occur. Symptoms progress to delirium , and the spleen and liver enlarge if untreated. In this case it can last up to four weeks and cause death. Some people with typhoid fever develop a rash called "rose spots", small red spots on the abdomen and chest. Vibrio Illness Vibrio vulnificus , Vibrio alginolyticus , and Vibrio parahaemolyticus Can enter wounds from contaminated water. Also acquired by drinking contaminated water or eating undercooked oysters . Symptoms include abdominal tenderness, agitation, bloody stools, chills, confusion, difficulty paying attention (attention deficit), delirium, fluctuating mood, hallucination, nosebleeds, severe fatigue, slow, sluggish, lethargic feeling, weakness. [9][10] Viral Disease and Transmission Viral Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms SARS(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) Coronavirus Manifests itself in improperly treated water Symptoms include fever , myalgia , lethargy , gastrointestinal symptoms , cough , and sore throat Hepatitis A Hepatitis A virus (HAV) Can manifest itself in water (and food) Symptoms are only acute (no chronic stage to the virus) and include Fatigue , fever, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, itching, jaundice and depression . Poliomyelitis (Polio) Poliovirus Enters water through the feces of infected individuals 90-95% of patients show no symptoms, 4-8% have minor symptoms (comparatively) with delirium , headache , fever , and occasional seizures , and spastic paralysis , 1% have symptoms of non- paralytic aseptic meningitis . The rest have serious symptoms resulting in paralysisor death Polyomavirus infection Two of Polyomavirus : JC virus and BK virus Very widespread, can manifest itself in water, ~80% of the population has antibodies to Polyomavirus BK virus produces a mild respiratory infection and can infect the kidneys of immunosuppressed transplantpatients. JC virus infects the respiratory system , kidneys or can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the brain (which is fatal). [6][11] Algal Disease and Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms Desmodesmus infection desmodesmus