Ectopic

HSG FINDINGS IN GENITAL KOCHS : Female genital tuberculosis is a major cause of tubal obstruction leading to infertility , especially in developing countries. Genital tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose. DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSIS OF GENITAL TUBERCULOSIS IS MADE BY 1 ) POSITIVE MYCOBACTERIUM CULTURE IN ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE . 2 ) HISTOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCLES / GRANULOMAS . HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAM IS THE GOLD STANDARD IMAGING PROCEDURE IN EVALUATING THE INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT. The radiographic features of genital tuberculosis is described in two parts 1 ) PART I / SPECIFIC FEATURES : Related to tubes . BEADED TUBE. PIPESTEM TUBE . GOLF CLUB TUBE . COBBLE STONE TUBE . LEOPARD SKIN TUBE . 2 ) PART II : Related to endometrium. This describes the adverse effects of tuberculosis on the structure of endometrium. DWARFED UTERUS WITH LYMPHATIC INTRAVASATION AND OCCLUDED TUBES "T" SHAPED UTERUS . PSEUDOUNICORNUATE UTERUS. COLLAR STUD ABSCESS. HSG FINDINGS : 1 ) CALCIFICATION OF FALLOPIAN TUBES ,OVARY .Tubal calcification is usually seen in the form of small linear streaks in the course of tubes. 2 ) HYDROSALPINX : HSG shows dilated fallopian tube filed with contrast and absence of free spillage of dye. 3 ) TUBAL OCCLUSION : Distal tubal occlusion causes hydrosalpinx and in proximal tubal occlusion, dye fails to enter the tubes and therefore tubes are not visualized. 4 ) TUFTED LIKE APPEARANCE / ROSETTE LIKE APPEARANCE : Caseous ulceration of tubal mucosa creates an irregular, ragged or diverticular appearance on the contour of tubal lumen in HSG These diverticular cavities surrounding the ampulla produced by caseous ulceration gives the tubal outline "tufted like appearance / rosette like appearance. 5)TB-SIN : TUBERCULOSIS-SALPINGITIS ISTHMICA NODOSA : Penetration of contrast medium between the mucosal folds due to ulceration of tubal mucosa causes diverticular - like outpouchings. 6 ) COTTON WOOL PLUG APPEARANCE: Distribution of contrast medium in a reticular pattern produces cotton wool plug appearance. 7 ) SAW TOOTHED APPEARANCE: when the tubal lumen is filled with putty like caseous material, the HSG outline is irregular with pockets or Laguna giving a saw toothed appearance. 8 ) BEADED TUBE : Multiple constrictions along the fallopian tubes gives a beaded appearance. 9 ) PIPE STEM TUBE : Absence of normal tortuosity and curved / straight pipe like rigid appearance in fibrotic stage of tubercular salpingitis causes pipe stem appearance. 10 ) LEOPARD SKIN TUBE : Multiple rounded filling defects following intra luminal granulomas formation within the hydrosalpinx gives leopard skin appearance . 11 ) GOLF CLUB TUBE : Sacculation of tubes in distal portion with an associated hydrosalpinx gives a golf club like appearance. 12 ) COBBLE STONE APPEARANCE : Intra luminal scarring gives rise to cobble stone pattern which indicates intra luminal adhesions . 13 ) TOBACCO POUCH APPEARANCE : Eversion of fimbria secondary to adhesions with a patent orifice produces tobacco pouch appearance.

A 28 year old female came to my clinic with inability to conceive since the last 4 years. She has a 6 year old healthy child. She has also got tested for other common reasons – TORCH (Toxoplasma, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes) and tested negative for all. She is not a known Hypertensive, diabetic nor sickle cell disease patient and has no family history of the same. She informs that all the members of the household have not been diagnosed with any major sickness, apart from her mother-in-law who received almost a year-long treatment almost 5 years ago. She was unable to mention the nature of sickness except that mother would cough, have difficulty in breathing and eating, and evening fever. An HSG was done and the image is attached. Few questions for discussions: 1. Differential diagnosis for her secondary infertility 2. Interpret HSG 3. Which test would you do to confirm the diagnosis

GONORRHEA MANIPULATES AN ANTI-INFECTION MECHANISM IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT. April 13, 2017. PLoS Pathog 13(4): e1006269. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.100626 The BACTERIUM that CAUSES GONORRHEA INFECTS the FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT BY BREAKING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CELLS IN the tract's PROTECTIVE LINING, according to new research published in PLOS Pathogens. GONORRHEA is a widespread sexually transmitted disease caused when NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE bacteria infect the normally protective inner lining of human genital tissues. In women, the opening of the uterus, known as the ENDOCERVIX, SERVES AS A PRIMARY INFECTION SITE for N. gonorrhoeae. HOWEVER, the STRATEGY USED BY N. gonorrhoeae TO PENETRATE THE LINING OF THE ENDOCERVIX HAS BEEN UNCLEAR. TO INVESTIGATE THIS MECHANISM, Liang-Chun Wang of the University of Maryland, College Park, and colleagues NEEDED to develop AN ALTERNATIVE TO the MOUSE MODELS normally used to study gonorrhea, since they have been inadequate for this purpose. The team developed a NEW MODEL using tissue samples obtained from the human endocervix. The RESEARCHERS INFECTED the ENDOCERVIX TISSUE, AS WELL AS LAB-GROWN CELLS OF the SAME TYPE as those that line the endocervix, with N. gonorrhoeae. They THEN employed a VARIETY OF MOLECULAR AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES to examine the infection mechanism. The RESULTS DEMONSTRATE that N. gonorrhoeae PENETRATES the ENDOCERVIX LINING BY INTERFERING WITH A NORMALLY PROTECTIVE PROCESS. Usually, infected cells in the lining can be shed and disposed of without breaking the tight connections between cells that keep the lining uncompromised. N. gonorrhoeae APPEARS to be able TO BREAK these CONNECTIONS AND INDUCE CELL SHEDDING, OPENING PATHS FOR PENETRATION without reducing its ability to adhere to and invade the cells of the lining. The SCIENTISTS SHOWED that N. gonorrhoeae CAUSES DISRUPTION OF CELLULAR CONNECTIONS AND CELL SHEDDING BY promoting ACTIVATION AND ACCUMULATION OF a human protein known as NON-MUSCLE MYOSIN II. Depending on the PARTICULAR GENES being EXPRESSED BY N. gonorrhoeae at any given time, the team found, it can EITHER PROMOTE OR INHIBIT this PENETRATION MECHANISM. THIS STUDY REPRESENTS the FIRST LABORATORY DEMONSTRATION OF the PENETRATION OF N. gonorrhoeae INTO the human ENDOCERVIX and provides new insights into gonorrhea infection. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ MORE INFORMATION: Wang L-C, Yu Q, Edwards V, Lin B, Qiu J, Turner JR, et al. (2017) Neisseria gonorrhoeae infects the human endocervix by activating non-muscle myosin II-mediated epithelial exfoliation. PLoS Pathog 13(4): e1006269. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006269 ____________________________________ PROVIDED BY: Public Library of Science. ****************************+****************************** PREVIOUS STUDIES :- 1 ) Gonorrhea infections start from exposure to seminal fluid March 4, 2014. Provided by: American Society for Microbiology. 2 ) Antibiotic treatment speeds up spread of resistance in the gonorrhea superbug May 19, 2016. Fingerhuth SM, Bonhoeffer S, Low N, Althaus CL (2016) Antibiotic-ResistantNeisseria gonorrhoeae Spread Faster with More Treatment, Not More Sexual Partners. PLoS Pathog 12(5): e1005611. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005611 3 ) Researchers identify novel pathway responsible for infection of a common STD pathogen February 27, 2012. Provided by: Boston University Medical Center. 4 ) Failure of dual antimicrobial therapy for gonorrhea reported June 23, 2016. More information: Full Text Copyright © 2016 HealthDay. 5 ) Commercial brand of mouthwash can help kill off gonorrhea in the mouth (Update) December 20, 2016. Antiseptic mouthwash against pharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a randomised controlled trial and an in vitro study, Sexually Transmitted Infections, sti.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/sextrans-2016-052753 =========================================

Rt mandibular swelling :3 days,pain+,tend+,fever+ What is dx,dd n rx?

19yr old lady having torch positive with recurrent abortions taking treatment frm last six month bt the viral count cant come at normal level then ehats the further treatment previous tratment -tab torchnil and tab follic acid taking from last six month